A  7  :s :  2 




U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

DIVISION   OF   CHEMISTRY. 


- 


BULLETIN 


No.  23. 


— 


RECORD  OF  EXPERIMENTS 


AT  THE 


SUGAR  EXPERIMENT  STATION  ON  CALUMET  PLANTATION, 


PATTERSONVILLE,    LA 


HUBERT     ED 

SiajANT  I\    LiABORAl 


PUBLISHED  BY   AITTII  >KH  V  <)K  THE  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT    n:ivi  DIG 

1  %i 


■4bo-swsjzJ^vHsesv<~''t'z~ 

-  »/ 

J. 

M.    RUSK, 

6/ecietaiy  #/  < 

.  7    wtwasie. 

c/ 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION   OF   CHEMISTRY. 

BULLETIN  No.  23. 


RECORD  OF  EXPERIMENTS 


AT  THE 


SCGAk  EXPERIMENT  STATION  ON  CALUMET  PLANTATION, 


PATTERSONVILLE,    LA 


BY 

HUBERT     EDSON 
Assistant  in  Laboratory. 


PUBLISHED  i;V  AUTH  IRITY  oK  THE  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 
L889. 


i 


: 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


Sir  :  In  submitting  to  you  the  results  of  Mr.  Hubert  Edson's  work  at 
Calumet  Plantation,  La.,  during  1888,  I  desire  to  call  your  particular 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  yield  of  sugar  by  the  milling  process 
reached  the  unprecedented  amount  of  over  200  pounds  per  ton.  This 
remarkable  yield  was  the  result  of  a  rich  crop  and  careful  chemical  and 
technical  control  of  the  factory. 

It  is  believed  that  the  data  of  this  work  here  published  will  prove  of 
great  benefit  to  the  sugar  planters  of  the  country. 
Respectfully, 

H.  W.  Wiley, 

Chemist. 
Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk, 

Secretary. 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Washington,  D.  C,  August  3,  18S9. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  first  report  from  Calu 
met  sugar  factory  to  the  Department. 
Respectfully, 

Hubert  Edson. 
Dr.  H.  W.  Wiley, 

Chief  Chemist. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/recexperimeOOedso 


REPORT  OF   EXPERIMENTS  AT  CALUMET   SUGAR  FACTORY, 

SEASON   1888-'89. 


The  present  being  the  first  report  from  Calumet  plantation  published 
in  the  bulletins  of  this  Department,  it  will  be  useful,  for  a  proper  un. 
derstauding  of  the  data  given,  briefly  to  describe  the  machinery  with 
which  the  recorded  results  were  obtained. 

The  following  is  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  Wibray  J.  Thompson,  who, 
having  for  many  years  had  entire  control  of  the  factory,  is  familiar 
with  the  apparatus  in  every  detail  of  construction,  capacity,  etc. 


I. 

REPORT  OF  CALUMET  SUGAR  FACTORY,  LOUISIANA.— CAMPAIGN 

1888-89. 

This  factory  is  located  on  the  immediate  bank  of  the  Bayou  Teche,  4J 
miles  above  the  post-office  town  of  Patterson,  parish  St.  Mary,  La.,  and 

has  therefore  an  unlimited  supply  of  water,  well  adapted  to  every 
sugar  factory  purpose.  It  is  the  result  of  additions  and  extensions 
made  to  an  establishment  began  before  but  left  in  ruins  by  the  war. 

TIIE    PLANT. 

Its  plant  consists  of :  (1)  Five-roller  mill  j  (2)  bagasse  burner  of  the 
so-called  Taylor  type,. the  boiler  setting  being  the  invention  of  Mr. 
Lewis  S.   Clark,  proprietor  of  the  neighboring   Lagonda  factory;  (3) 

eight  copper  clarifiers,  with  a  capacity  of  L,306. 3  gallons  each  ;   (4)   live 

Kroog filter  presses,  manufactured  by  the  Sangerhansen  Machine  Com- 
pany, Germany,  of  220  square  feci   filtering  area  each;    (5)  vertical 

double  effect  of  2,000  square  feet  heating  surface  per  pan  ;  (6)  eight 
foot  vacuum  pan,  affording  337  square  feet  heating  surface,  operated 
at  L5  pounds;  average  steam  pressure ;  (7)  Beveu  Weston  centrifugals, 
divided  into  one  battery  of  four  for  first  sugars  and  one  of  three  for 
wagon  sugars;  together  with  appropriate  pumps,  sugar  packers,  elec- 
tric, lighting  apparatus,  machine  shop,  and  their  appurtenances. 

7 


THE  BOILERS. 

In  addition  to  the  three  boilers  fired  exclusively  by  bagassee  are  two 
batteries,  both  arranged  for  coal,  nominally  of  about  equivalent  horse 
power  with  one  another  and  with  the  bagasse  battery:  (1)  Four  double 
fine  boilers,  2G  feet  long,  42  inches  diameter;  flues  15j  inches  diameter: 
(2)  two  17 -flue  boilers,  22  feet  long,  54  inches  diameter;  flues  C  inches 
diameter.  Of  these  one  battery  only  is  operated  at  one  time,  alterna- 
tion every  second  week  permitting  their  maintenance  in  superior  condi- 
tion. Average  coal  consumed  per  ton  of  cane  and  per  1,000  pounds  of 
commercial  sugar  during  each  of  the  last  three  campaigns  has  been  as 
follows: 


1886-'S7. 

1887-88. 

1888-'89. 

Average  coal  per  ton  of  cane pounds 

Average  coal  per  thousand  pounds  of  su<;ar  ..pounds 

105.4 
G53.0 

117.  S 
G65.  5 

130.41 
630.  48 

The  three  years'  average  per  1,000  pounds  of  sugar  is  believed  to  be 
the  most  satisfactory  ever  recorded  for  Louisiana.  Steam  is  main- 
tained for  the  wagon-room  until  the  drying  of  any  thirds  is  completed 
which  may  have  been  boiled,  this  in  18S7-'88  beiug  only  on  May  17. 
]So  thirds  were  made  in  188G-'87.  The  coal,  as  stated,  is  for  all  pur- 
poses, including  washing  of  house,  preliminary  trials  of  machinery, 
warming  of  sleeping  and  other  apartments,  electric  lighting,  etc.,  and  is 
all  actually  weighed.  "No  hot  water  being  allowed  to  escape  from  the 
establishment,  the  boilers  are  supplied  almost  entirely  with  hot  distilled 
water.  The  small  quantity  required  aside  from  this  return  is  first  fil- 
tered by  a  Hyatt  apparatus. 

THE   MILLS. 

The  mills  are  operated  by  a  single,  adjustable  cut-off  engine,  cylinder 
24  inches  diameter  by  48  inches  stroke.  This  is  provided  with  Corless 
valves  and  the  Joy  expansion  gear.  The  cut-off  being  ordinarily  ac- 
complished only  at  42  inches,  the  engine  is  practically  controlled  by  the 
wire-drawing  of  its  governor,  a  practice  rendered  permissible  by  the 
use  of  its  exhaust,  under  about  4  pounds  average  pressure,  in  juice 
concentration  by  double  effect  An  average  of  43  revolutions  of  the 
engine  I8  maintained,  under  95  pounds  initial  steam-pressure.  For 
every  100  revolutions  of  the  engine  the  first  or  three-roller  mill  accom- 
plishes 5.142  and  the  back  or  two  roller  mill  4.210  revolutions.  The 
principal  dimensions  of  the  t  wo  mills  are  given  below  : 


Length 

CM    lolls 

in    1  'A  .,    II 

collars. 

Dtametei 
of  rolls, 

1  >l.l  Ml  - 

.■I,  ,    of 

shalves. 

Length  <>i 
journals. 

Diameter 

0f 

journals. 

roller  mill 
Two  roll  i  mill 

In.  In  s 

u 
l- 

lining. 

Tneh$t. 

n 

10) 

Both  mills  are  heavily  double  geared  with  steel  pinions  and  crown 
wheels  throughout,  neither  being  provided  with  hydraulic  or  other 
safety  or  pressure  regulating  attachments.  The  back  mill  is  driven  by 
its  lower  roll  shaft,  and  is  provided  with  a  roughening  device  believed 
to  possess  much  merit.  The  mills  are  separated  15  feet  between  cen- 
ters. Saturation  between  them  was  first  introduced  this  season,  be- 
ginning about  the  middle  of  its  third  run.  This  will  find  full  discussion 
later. 

This  apparatus  is  operated  upon  a  plan  quite  unlike  that  customary 
in  the  milling  of  cane  in  Louisiana  in  that  the  feed  upon  the  carriers  is 
maintained  as  uniform  at  all  times  as  possible,  variations  in  the  amount 
of  cane  consumed  being  regulated  to  that  received  from  the  fields  as 
nearly  as  practicable  by  altering  the  speed  of  the  engine,  the  governor 
to  which  is  provided  with  a  speeding  device.  The  speed  of  the  centrif- 
ugals is  likewise  regulated  to  the  necessaries  of  the  sugar  being  dried. 
The  otherwise  constant  necessity  for  a  change  of  the  mills  "set"  is  thus 
obviated,  insuring  a  uniformity  of  expression  and  a  reduction  of  time 
lost  to  be  better  secured  only,  it  is  believed,  by  the  hydraulic-pressure 
regulator.  The  average  juice  extraction  of  this  mill  for  a  series  of  years, 
expressed  in  percents  of  the  canes'  weight,  has  been  : 


1885-'8G. 

188V87. 

1887-'88. 

1888-'89. 

Extraction  of  5-roll  mill  juice  (per  cent,  of  cane). 

76.30 

73.90 

74.  CO 

72.  4:> 

That  of  the  three-roll  mill  prior  to  the  erection  of  the  supplemental 
rolls,  the  same  engineer  remaining  in  charge  throughout,  was — 


1881-'82. 

1882-'83. 

1883-84. 

Extraction  of  3-roll  mill  .juice  (percent,  of  came) . 

Gl.  70 

C) 

G9.84 

05.03 

*  Inundated  ;  no  crop. 

This  indicates  an  average  advantage,  by  campaigns  of  7.58  per  cent, 
juice  on  the  canes' weight,  to  the  credit  of  the  supplemental  mill,  in 
which  do  account  is  taken  of  the  variations  in  the  character  of  the 
canes  or  the  quantity  of  these  treated  per  hour,  which  remain  much 
more  constant  in  Louisiana  than  upon  more  tropical  estates. 

M I  NOR    CONY  K.N  I  ENOES. 

The  minor  conveniences  of  the  establishment    are  as  perfect   as  they 

are  unusual,  and  are  mentioned  as  contributing  largely  to  the  excel- 
lence Of  results  attained  by  it,  and  as  worthy  of  imitation.     Twont  y-l'our 

sirup  and  molasses  tanks  and  blowups,  uniformly  of  3,600  gallons  ca- 
pacity each,  and  300  sugar-wagons,  together  with  the  entire  plan  and 
plant  of  the  house,  offer  exceptionally  favorable  opportunities  both  to 


10 

excellence  of  industrial  work  and  of  mechanical  and  chemical  control. 
Strict  uniformity  of  dimensions  and  patterns  is  adhered  to  wherever 
practicable  in  all  duplications  of  tanks,  wagons,  pumps,  centrifugals, 
or  other  parts.  Two  hot  rooms  permit  string  sugars  to  be  treated  at 
discretion  by  such  temperatures  as  are  thought  best  adapted  to  their  va- 
rious needs.  Gas  and  water,  with  appropriate  drains,  are  everywhere 
conveniently  located.  The  circulating  pumps  and  oilers  operate  automat- 
ically, ^o  washouts  exist  for  the  loss  of  juices,  scums,  or  sirups.  The 
sugar  elevators,  storage  bins,  and  packing  arrangements  are  particularly 
well  designed  and  executed.  All  but  minor  steam -pipes,  live  and  ex- 
haust, are  felted,  and  all  steam  outlets  are  trapped.  The  pumping 
plant  is  so  reliable  as  to  have  caused  no  loss  of  time  to  the  establishment 
since  1883.  Speaking-tubes  connect  various  parts  of  the  building,  which 
last  is  well  illuminated  by  day  and  night.  Utility,  convenience  in  ar- 
rangement, permanence  and  consideration  for  the  possible  demands  of 
the  future,  are  evident  throughout  the  factory. 

ORGANIZATION  AND   ADMINISTRATION. 

The  organization  of  the  establishment  is  probably  the  most  complete 
in  Louisiana,  and  its  administration  probably  the  most  efficient,  though 
possibly  the  most  expensive.  Besides  an  engineering  department,  with 
its  chief,  there  are  recognized  the  following  distinct  branches,  each  with 
its  appropriate  foreman  or  chief,  viz,  defecating  and  filter-press,  boiling, 
centrifugal,  packing-floor,  clerical,  and  chemical.  The  foremen  are 
chosen  with  reference  to  their  especial  skill  in  the  various  operations 
which  they  are  to  supervise,  having  been  in  the  emplo37  of  the  house 
ranging  from  four  to  eight  years,  are  paid  exceptional  salaries,  are  ex- 
pected to  perform  no  part  ot  the  ordinary  manual  labor  of  their  divis- 
ions, have  no  authority  outside  their  own  well-defined  precincts,  live  in 
the  buildings  subject  to  call  at  all  hours,  and  are  under  the  sole  direc- 
tion of  the  factory  superintendent,  who,  in  turn,  is  alone  responsible  to 
the  proprietor.  All  other  operatives  are  subject  to  the  orders  of  the 
various  foremen  in  whose  departments  they  work,  the  latter  having  the 
power  to  discharge.  The  foremen  report  regularly  the  number  of  men 
employed,  the  amount  and  character  of  work  pel  formed,  and  such  other 
matters  as  arc  desirable,  either  upon  printed  forms  or  blackboards,  or 
otherwise,  at  the  factory  office  daily. 

Temporary  instructions  are  generally  posted  14)011  ballet  in  boards  in 

the  various  departments,  instead  of  being  orally  given,  to  avoid  mis- 
understanding. The  work  is  for  the  most  part  done  by  six  and  twelve 
hour  watches  or  shifts,  instead  of  by  the  cightccn-hour  Louisiana  sys- 
tem. 

The  fields-manager  and  factory  superintendent  meet  daily  to  co-ordi- 
nate and  arrange  the  work  of  their  respective  branches,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, each  to  the  best  advantage  of  the  Other.  To  this  By  Stem,  worthy 
a  larger  institution,  and  to  cleanliness  another  considerable  part  of  the 


11 

establishment's  past  industrial  success  is  no  doubt  due,  the  introduc- 
tion of  which  elsewhere  is  the  more  to  be  recommended  that  it  involves 
no  additional  outlay  of  capital. 

PROCESSES  PURSUED. 

The  raw  juices  from  the  two  mills,  passing  through  paraffined 
wooden  gutters,  where  they  mix  at  once,  enter  a  sulphur  saturation 
machine  placed  as  close  to  the  crushers  as  convenient.  This  machine, 
of  the  paddle-wheel  type,  is  described  in  Bulletin  Xo.  3,  page  99,  of  this 
Department,  and,  except  for  the  excessive  amount  of  power  required 
to  actuate  it,  seems  highly  satisfactory.  The  sulphurous  gas  is  pro- 
duced by  the  burning  of  sulphur  in  a  small  iron  furnace  kept  sur- 
rounded and  cool  by  running  water.  The  fumes  first  pass  through  lead 
pipes,  also  submerged  in  constantly  changing  water  which  effects  their 
thorough  cooling,  then  over  a  considerable  surface  of  running  water  in- 
tended to  wash  them  free  of  H2  S04.  They  enter  the  juice  cool  and 
practically  free  of  the  latter.  A  considerable  quantity  of  this  probably 
formed  between  the  water  bath  and  the  saturation  box,  is  trapped  off 
at  the  entrance  to  the  last. 

The  draught  necessary  to  a  combustion  of  the  sulphur  is  furnished  by 
the  movement  of  the  paddle-wheel,  and  the  furnace  on  which  the  com- 
bustion takes  place  is  so  constructed  as  to  prevent,  so  far  as  practica- 
ble, the  passage  of  any  uncombined  oxygen  through  the  apparatus. 
Care  is  exercised  to  prevent  the  admission  of  air  at  any  other  point 
than  through  the  furnace,  as  a  safeguard  against  the  subsequent  pro- 
duction of  sulphuric  acid.  A  device  to  free  the  juice  of  its  contained 
air  also,  before  sulphurization,  is  proposed  for  next  season,  but  seems 
little  necessary. 

The  juice,  entirely  altered  in  appearance  by  this  treatment,  is  then 
pumped  at  once  into  the  defecators,  upon  the  third  floor.  Bronze  pump 
barrels  and  copper  conduits  are  alone  used  for  juice,  skimmings,  and 
sirups. 

The  coils  of  a  defecator  being  covered,  steam  is  immediately  admitted 
to  these,  and  the  addition  of  lime  begUO  at  once.  By  the  time  the  defe- 
cator is  tilled,  the  lining  is  complete,  the  juice  heated,  and  skimming 
begun.  No  boiling  in  the  defecator  is  permitted.  The  skimming  hav- 
ing been  completed,  subsidence  goes  on  for  from  one-hall'  to  one  hour 
before  deeantation  of  the  clear,  defecated  juice.  About  2  inches  of 
juice  are  removed  from  the  surface  of  each  defecator  by  the  skimming 
and  blushing,  ami  about  8  inches  of  set  I  lings  are  left  behind  in  the  bot- 
tom of  each  35  inches,  approximately,  being,  therefore,  decanted.  The 
decanted  juice  goes  immediately  to  the  double-effect,  no  further  settling 
being  permitted.     Skimmings  and  settlings  are  inn  to  an   appropriate 

receiver  on  the  floor  below,' are  limed  and  reheated  whenever  this  is 
thought  necessary,  and  are  pumped  immediately  through  the  filter- 
presses.    The  defecators  are  thoroughly  washed  with  a  water-hose  and 


12 

broom,  the  wash-water  also  going  to  the  presses  in  the  absence  of  wash- 
outs and  a  scum-ditch.  The  filtered  liquors  join  the  juice  from  which 
derived  in  the  double  effect's  receiver,  and  are  concentrated  to  sirup 
without  delay.  The  rapidity  and  cleanliness  with  which  these  opera- 
tions are  performed  probably  account  for  the  almost  total  absence  of 
inversion,  attributable  to  a  use  of  sulphur,  between  raw  juice  and  sirup, 
and  for  the  absence  of  fermentation  in  the  juice  department.  The  work 
of  the  filter-presses  received  no  attention  from  the  laboratory  this 
season. 

Transparent  liquors  and  a  hard  cake  were  the  invariable  rule.  About 
eight  hours  and  GO  pounds  pressure  .were  necessary  to  insure  the  last. 
Two  hours  were  generally  allowed  for  a  cold-water  lixiviation  of  the 
cake,  a  pressure  some  10  pounds  less  than  that  employed  for  the  juice 
being  used  and  the  sweet  water  being  run  to  two  and  one-half  or  three 
degrees  Baume.  This  supplementary  process,  it  is  said,  is  nowhere  else 
followed  in  Louisiana.  Basing  calculations  upon  last  year's  chemical 
data,  the  net  savings  from  it,  after  deductions  for  extra  evaporation, 
interest  on  extra  plant,  etc.,  to  be  about  $12  per  day  when  the  factory  is 
working  at  its  normal  capacity — say,  300  tons  cane  per  twenty-four 
hours.  An  extra  large  battery  of  presses  was  provided  especially  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  this  lixiviating  process.  The  filter  press 
cloths  are  customarily  washed  biweekly.  On  one  occasion  they  were 
operated  one  week  without  cleansing.  This  introduced  fermentation, 
and  is  not  to  be  repeated.  Six  sets  of  filter-cloths  answer  for  five  presses. 
The  wear  and  tear  of  these  are  nominal.  After  two  years'  service 
already,  very  few  will  need  replacement  before  the  close  of  another 
campaign.  The  sirup-tank  bottoms  and  other  sweet  waters  of  the  es- 
tablishment are  also  brought  back  to  the  presses.  The  last  operate  en- 
tirely without  expert  attendance,  except  oiling  of  the  juice-pump  by  the 
engineers.  The  lixiviation  pump  is  allowed  to  run  dry.  The  presses  are 
worked  on  strict  rotation  and  the  times  and  other  data  of  each  pressing 
s\  stematically  recorded.  Over  22  percent,  of  the  entire  volume  of  juice 
passes  through  the  presses. 

The  treatment  of  sirups  is  similar  to  that  of  other  Louisiana  estab- 
lishments, it;  is  not  thought  necessary  to  settle  these,  and  they  are  not 
reheated  and  skimmed  after  leaving  the  double  effect  The  first  prod- 
uct is  a  large  grained  V.  0.  sugar,  which  grades  in  the  New  Orleans 
market  from  choice  to  ultra  choice.  The  second  product,  boiled  to 
wagons  at  a  high  String-proof,  is  a  line  grained  article  which  dries  very 
Slowly  in  the  Centrifugals.  As  high  as  50  per  cent,  commercial  sugar 
was,  in   at  least    one  instance,  secured  from   second   massecnite.      With 

sufficient  vacuum-pan  capacity,  this  product  might,  the  present  season, 

with  its  rich  and  pure  juices,  have  probably  bet  ter  been  grained  in  the 

pan,  For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  establishment,  the  entire 
crop  was  reboiled  to  a  blank-  string-proof  for  a  third  crystallization. 

Though  the  second  molasses  .so  reboiled  showed  in  some  instances  glu- 


13 

cose  to  be  already  in  actual  excess  of  sucrose  present,  graining  was 
rapid  and  copious  and  maturity  rapidly  attained.  First  sugars  were 
washed  with  2  pints  of  water,  in  which  is  dissolved  a  minimum  of  stan- 
nous chloride  crystals.  Seconds  and  thirds  with  one  pint,  more  or  less. 
Analyses  of  these  sugars  and  of  the  molasses  from  them  are  given 
further  on.  The  weights  or  gauges  of  all  products  being  now  ascer- 
tained, no  estimates  are  incorporated  in  the  returns  to  follow,  and  no 
allowances  have  been  made  for  trash  weighed  as  cane. 

MECHANICAL   CONTROL. 

The  system  of  department  reports  referred  to  constitutes  an  excel- 
lent mechanical  control.  The  amount  of  coal  and  cane  consumed,  the 
n umber  of  laborers  employed  in  each  department,  the  quantities  of 
juice,  sirup,  sugar,  and  molasses  produced,  and  the  number  of  pack- 
ages used,  give  daily  the  amount  of  work  done  by  each  department 
and  the  daily  cost  of  each  operation,  and  exhibits  mechanical  derange- 
ments and  wastes  before  the  loss  from  these  can  become  important. 
The  stop  and  start  of  all  portions  of  the  apparatus  has  been  long  re- 
corded and  the  average  possible  hours  of  daily  operation  and  the  hourly 
capacity  of  each  machine  thus  established.  The  causes  of  lost  time, 
with  means  for  their  remedy,  have  also  been  carefully  determined;  the 
house  is  thus  found  to  be  remarkably  well  balanced  throughout  and 
correspondingly  economical  in  operation.  The  average  performance  of 
mill  and  vacuum  pan,  per  actual  running  hour,  the  last  three  seasons, 
expressed  in  pounds  of  commercial  sugar,  has  been — 


188G--87. 


1887-88. 


Mill L',  224.  87     2,804.98 

Vacuum  pan 2,566.19    2,738.13 


>—\-P. 


2,  904.  04 
2,731.41 


This  indicates  the  maximum  capacity  of  the  establishment  to  be 

something  over  GO, 000  pounds  commercial  sugar  per  diem. 


Previous  to  my  arrival  at  Calomel  a  general  plan  of  work  had  been 
arranged  lor  the  chemist,  in  which  the  main  features  were  experiments 
in  connection  with  the  mechanical  filtration  of  cane  juice. 

With  this  end  in  view,  a  physical  laboratory,  equipped  as  a  minature 
sugar-house,  had  been  added  to  the  "plant"    This  included  a  small 

mill,  small  diffusion  battery  of  the  Hughes  system,  with  defecators,  filter 
press,  open  evaporators,  and  vacuum  strike  pan  of  corresponding  ca- 
pacity. 

These  experiments,  the  mechanical  part  of  which  was  under  the 

direction  of  Mr.  IX.  Bem iners,  who  worked   most  intelligent  l\    and    per- 


14 

sistently  at  them,  were  undertaken  by  myself  with  a  great  deal  of  re- 
luctance. Knowing  the  amount  of  work  already  done  on  this  subject 
and  the  uniformly  unsatisfactory  results,  it  was  hardly  possible  that 
where  much  of  the  time  had  to  be  occupied  with  affairs  of  the  sugar- 
house  that  anything  worthy  of  note  could  be  accomplished. 

However,  that  which  was  attempted  was  very  thoroughly  and  sys- 
tematically executed.  Caustic  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  superphosphate 
of  lime,  and  many  other  reagents,  besides  brown  coal,  wood  char,  and 
other  substances,  were  all  tried  in  the  cells  of  the  small  battery,  not 
only  as  an  aid  in  mechanical  filtration,  but  also  to  assist  in  defecation. 

^Yhile  it  was  found  that  diffusion  juices  tiltered  mu2h  more  easily 
than  mill  juices,  none  of  the  different  clarifying  agents  employed  seem 
to  have  assisted  the  subsequent  filter  press  filtration  to  any  appreciable 
degree,  and  the  analysis  are  not  thought  to  be  of  sufficient  value  for 
publication. 

Aside  from  the  work  on  filtration,  however,  careful  and  systematic 
analyses  of  the  raw,  sulphitred,  and  clarified  juices  were  made  three 
times  daily,  and  of  the  sirup  once  daily  throughout  the  season,  and 
during  two  runs  alter  the  work  on  filtration  had  been  discontinued  a 
complete  chemical  control  was  maintained  throughout  the  house,  each 
stage  of  the  manufacture  being  carefully  gauged,  samples  taken,  and 
analyses  made. 

The  season's  work  was,  for  convenience,  arbitrarily  divided  into  five 
runs  two  of  them  on  stubble  and  three  on  plant  cane. 

FIRST    STUBBLE   RUN. 

The  cane  of  this  run  had  nearly  all  been  ground  before  my  arrival  at 
Calumet,  and  but  few  analyses  of  juices  were  secured.  Judging,  how- 
ever, from  the  analyses  made,  the  juices  were  the  richest  of  the  season, 
butthecane  being  second-year  stubble,  contained  a  very  high  percentage 
of  fiber.  There  was  on  this  account  not  only  a  less  quantity  of  juice  in 
the  cane,  but  also  a  poor  extraction  of  that  present,  the  woody-fibrous 
cane  making  good  mill  work  impossible. 

The  yield,  however,  was  very  good,  the  ratio  of  glucose  to  sucrose  in 
the  final  molasses  being  higher  than  any  ever  reported  before  by  a 
Louisiana  sugar  house.  Its  analysis  gave  sucrose  double  polarization 
23.56  per  cent,  glucose  42.09,  and  purity  HI*. 70. 

One  thing  worthy  of  much  notice,  in  this  run,  was  the  boiling  of  mo- 
lasses, for  third  sugar,  in  which  the  glucose  was  already  in  actual  excess 
of  the  sucrose.  This  molasses  contains  33.20 per  cent  sucrose  and  .">.'>. 7  1 
per  cent  glucose,  and   gave  a   masseciiite  which   grained  excellently  in 

the  wagons,  "swung *  onl  well  in  the  centrifugals,  and  yielded  L2.06 
pounds  of  commercial  sugar  per  ton  of  cane. 

The  extraordinarily  high  content  of  glucose  compared  with  sucrose  in 

the  final  molasses  is  probably  due  in  part  to  a  high  percentage  of  glucose 
present  in  the  raw  juice.     Owing  to  the  non-arrival  of  the  chemical  ap- 


15 

paratns  no  glucose  determinations  were  made  the  first  run,  but  since  in 
subsequent  work  the  analyses  of  the  final  molasses  showed  as  low  per- 
centage of  sucrose  without  as  high  glucose  content,  it  is  reasonable  to 
assume  that  the  glucose  in  the  molasses  in  question  was  derived  from 
that  originally  present  in  the  juice  and  was  not  a  result  of  inversion. 

SECOND   STUBBLE   RUN. 

On  this  run  the  data  are  more  complete  than  on  the  previous  one. 
The  remarkably  good  work  which  had  characterized  the  house  in  the 
first  run  was  once  or  twice  slightly  interrupted  during  this  run.  The 
most  serious  mistake  made  was  the  neglect  of  the  sulphur  machine,  by 
which  moist  air  was  admitted  freely  to  the  sulphur  dioxide  after  it  had 
passed  over  the  wash  water,  and,  as  the  conditions  were  most  favorable, 
there  was,  in  all  probability,  quite  an  appreciable  amount  of  sulphuric 
acid  formed.  At  any  rate,  the  inversion  in  this  run  was  much  greater 
than  in  any  other,  amounting  to  4,365.54  pounds  of  sucrose,  being  1.32 
per  cent  of  sucrose  present  in  raw  juice.  The  analysis  of  the  final  mo- 
lasses gave  sucrose,  23.78  per  cent;  glucose,  32.68,  with  a  purity  of 
30.87.  The  sucrose  in  the  final  molasses  of  the  second  stubble  run,  it 
will  be  noticed,  is  very  little  in  excess  of  the  sucrose  of  the  first  stubble, 
while  there  is  nearly  ten  per  cent  less  glucose,  making  the  content  of 
total  sugar  in  the  last  run  much  lower. 

It  would  seem  from  this  work  that  the  glucose  present  in  the  juice  of 
the  cane  did  not  possess  the  power  to  restrain  the  crystallization  of 
sucrose  that  it  is  commonly  supposed  to  have.  With  much  more  glu- 
cose in  the  first  run  the  amount  of  sucrose  is  a  little  less  than  in  the 
second.  Whether  this  glucose  is  different  from  artificially  prepared 
grape  sugar  in  its  physical  characteristics  or  whether  the  restraining 
power  of  the  latter  over  crystallization  has  been  greatly  overestimated, 
are  questions  that  this  work  would  naturally  suggest,  and  it  is  probable 
that,  with  the  awakening  interest  of  the  Louisiana  planter  in  scientific 
work,  both  these  questions  will,  before  many  years,  be  settled. 

These  two  runs  are  noticeable,  not  so  much  for  the  yield  of  sugar  as 
for  the  point  to  which  crystallization  was  carried.  Molasses,  which  be- 
fore would  have  been  considered  worthless,  can  now,  in  view  of  the  work 
done  at  Cain  met.  he  profitably  boiled  again  for  another  crop  of  crystals. 

In  boiling  for  the  lower-grade  sugars,  the  masseouite  was  boiled  as 
stiff  as  possible  without  converting  it  into  "taffy."    This  required  a  good 

deal  Of  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  SUgarboiler,  and  it  is  to  the  cxecl- 
lent  manipulation  Of  the  material  at  this  point  that  tin  high  yield  of 
sugar  is  due. 

FIRST    PLANT   RUK. 

This  was  much  the  largest   run  of  the  season,  and  had  the  richest 

cane.  The  work  of  the  sugar-house  was  uniform! v  excellent .  theme 
chanical  loss  between  the  juice  and  sirup  being  small  a>>  compared 
with  the  stubble  cane,  and  in  other  parts  ot   the  house   gcaroeh   notice- 


16 

able.  Maceration,  or  the  addition  of  water  to  the  bagasse  between  the 
front  and  back  mill  was  commenced  in  this  run,  and  a  remarkable  in- 
crease in  the  yield  was  derived  from  it.  This  will  be  discussed  further 
on  under  the  head  of  "  maceration."  Available  sugar,  or  sugar  actually 
secured,  expressed  in  terms  of  glucose  present  in  the  juice,  was  0.82  times 
the  glucose  deducted  from  the  sucrose.  The  final  molasses  contained 
26.80  per  cent  sucrose,  30.85  glucose,  with  a  purity  of  33.49. 

SECOND  PLANT  RUN. 

This  run,  judging  merely  from  the  nicety  with  which  the  machinery 
worked,  would  have  been  pronounced  the  best  of  the  season.  Careful 
chemical  control  showed,  however,  that  the  mechanical  losses  were  pro- 
portionately larger  than  in  any  other  run  of  the  season. 

The  chemical  control  carried  through  this  run  was,  I  believe,  one  of 
the  most  complete  if  not  the  most  complete  work  of  its  kind  ever  at- 
tempted in  Louisiana.  All  the  products  from  the  raw  juice  to  the 
final  molasses  inclusive  were  carefully  analyzed,  weights  and  measure- 
ments taken  at  each  stage,  and  the  sugar  present  compared  with  that 
of  the  previous  stage.  The  work  was  extremely  satisfactory,  the  losses 
being  accurately  located  and  the  parts  of  the  house  which  worked  well 
noticed.  The  chief  and  in  fact  almost  the  only  loss  after  the  juice  had 
been  expressed  occurred  at  the  double  effect.  This,  owing  to  the  prac- 
tice of  maceration  at  the  mills,  was  being  so  worked  beyond  its  capacity 
that  not  over  7  to  8  inches  of  vacuum  could  be  maintained  in  its  fust  pan, 
while  27  to  28  were  secured  upon  the  second.  The  difference  of  the 
boiling  points  of  the  two  pans  being  thus  so  great  the  juice  from  the 
first  entered  the  second  pan  far  above  the  tatter's  boiling  point,  and 
flashed  therefore  instantly  into  vapor,  the  excess  of  its  sensible,  being 
absorbed  as  latent  heat.  This  instituted  a  current  of  vapor  direct  from 
the  liquor  feed-pipe  towards  the  condenser  evidently  sufficiently  violent 
to  entrain  large  amounts  of  the  entering  juice  in  the  form  of  globular 
spray  or  mist  which  escaped  the  catch  all. 

Alter  the  juice  had  passed  the  double  effect  there  was  only  one  other 
place  where  there  was  any  appreciable  loss,  the  work  in  the  refinery  be- 
ing remarkably  good  and  close.  In  boiling  for  third  sugar  some  of  the 
massecuite  was  boiled  too  stiff,  and  about  (>  inches  in  the  bottom  of  the 
Wagons  having  been  chilled  by  too  low  a  temperature  at  or  near  the 
floor  of  the  hot  room  during  a  spell  of  cold  weather  could  not  be  dug 
out,  and  had  to  be   melted   and   run   into  the  molasses.     This  accounts 

for  the  relatively  high  percentage  of  sucrose  in  the  anal  molasses,  the 

analysis  of  which   gave  29.11    per  cent    of  sucrose,  29.36  glucose,  and 

purity  of  36.94. 

THIRD   PLANT   RUN. 

In  this  run,  though  the  chemical  control  was  carried  as  systematically 
as  in  the  previous,  the  results  were  not  quite  so  satisfactory  from  the 
tact  thai  a  great  deal  Of  settlings  from   the  first  molasses  were  carried 


17 

over  from  the  first  plant  and  worked  in  with  this  run.  All  this  was  of 
course  measured,  analyzed,  and  deducted  from  the  sugar  present  in  the 
juice,  but  what  the  effect  was  on  crystallization,  added  as  it  was  to  all 
the  different  grades  of  product,  it  would  be  impossible  to  state. 

One  very  serious  accident  occurred  during  this  run  which  delayed 
the  work  for  three  days.  The  shaft  of  the  back  or  bagasse  roll  of  the 
front  or  three-roller  mill  was  broken,  but  as  the  season  was  so  near 
the  end  the  crop  did  not  suffer  from  the  delay. 

Thecaue  worked,  being  from  new,  back,  stiff,  and  inadequately  drained 
lands,  was  comparatively  poor,  the  sucrose  being  much  lower  and  the 
glucose  much  higher  thau  in  the  previous  plant  cane  runs.  A  neutral 
defecation  was  carried  throughout  this  run,  and  a  good  deal  of  glucose 
was  destroyed,  forming  probably  a  compound  with  the  lime,  which  was 
broken  up  and  dissolved  by  the  juice.  The  amount  of  first  sugar  secured 
was  very  large  compared  with  the  sucrose  in  the  juice,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence the  lower  grade  sugars  did  not  crystallize  as  well  as  in  the  other 
runs,  much  of  the  grain  in  the  seconds  being  so  small  that  it  passed 
through  the  sieves  of  the  centrifugals.  The  final  molasses  contained 
UG.Oli  per  cent  of  sucrose,  28.52  glucose,  and  a  purity  of  o4.44. 

The  last  two  runs  made  with  the  idea  of  comparing  a  neutral  with 
the  ordinary  Louisiana  acid  clarification  both  as  to  the  effect  on  yield 
yield  and  care  of  working,  will  be  discussed  further  on. 

SPECIAL  INQUIRIES. 

One  of  the  things  watched  with  especial  interest  was  the  effect  upon 
thejuices  from  the  use  of  sulphur  dioxide  as  a  depurator. 

No  data  on  this  subject  have  ever  been  collected  in  Louisiana  in 
practical  sugar-house  working.  Laboratory  practice  has,  of  course, 
made  us  familiar  with  the  danger  attendant  upon  the  use  of  sulphur,  if 
not  properly  handled. 

The  Louisiana  experiment  station,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Stubbs, 
has  Strongly  condemned  its  use,  without  suggesting  anything  to  take 
its  place,  and,  judging  from  the  published  reports  of  the  station,  the  loss 
there  was  much  greater  than  any  sugar-house  could  afford. 

In  endeavoring  to  find  out  how  great  the  inversion  was  at  Calumet, 
analyses  were  made  three  times  daily  of  the  raw,  sulphured,  and  clari- 
fied juices  throughout  the  season.  Samples  were  also  taken  from  each 
tank  of  sirup  and  from  the  different  grades  of  sugars  and  the  final 
molasses,  and  in  two  runsof  all  the  intermediate  products.  As  all  these 
different  products  were  carefully  weighed  or  measured,  any  increase  in 
the  glucose  would  he  quickly  noticed.  The  analyses  of  hot  It  raw  and 
sulphured    juices  are,  I  conclude  from  the  season's    work,  unnecessary, 

and  either  the  one  or  the  other  should  be  dropped,  thus  reducing  the 

chemist's  work  a  great  deal  and  eliminating  nothing  essential. 

Of  COUrse  where  the  sulphured    juice   is   heated    before  being  run  into 

the  clarifiers  both  juices  should  be  analyzed.     Enough  BUgar  would, 
7083— Ball.  23 2 


18 

however,  be  inverted  by  this  treatment,  I  should  say,  to  speedily  induce 
any  one  to  stop  its  use. 

As  a  result  of  Calumet's  work,  I  can  not  but  be  very  favorably  im- 
pressed with  the  use  of  sulphur  as  au  aid  in  improving  the  quality  of 
the  output  of  a  sugar-house. 

The  total  inversion  for  the  crop  was  G,111.91  pounds  sucrose,  of  which 
a  loss  of  4,865  pounds  as  already  mentioned,  was  sustained  mainly 
through  inattention  during  the  second  stubble  run.  This  is  undoubt- 
edly a  smaller  loss  than  would  be  occasioned  by  the  use  of  a  bone- 
black  plant  that  can  be  operated  on  any  Louisiana  plantation. 

The  entire  loss  by  inversion,  with  the  exception  of  317  pounds,  was 
confined  to  two  runs,  and  in  another  year's  work  will  be  almost  en- 
tirely overcome  by  a  new  arrangement,  designed  by  Mr.  Daniel  Thomp- 
son, for  cooling  the  sulphur  dioxide  fumes  as  they  come  from  the 
furnace. 

This  improvement  was  put  in  at  Calumet  the  latter  part  of  the  season, 
and  after  its  introduction  the  inversion  was  practically  nothing. 

It  consists  of  a  box  about  18  feet  long  by  2  in  width  and  depth,  and 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  division  containing  about  10  feet  of 
G-ineh  lead  pipe,  through  which  the  sulphur  fumes  passed,  and  around 
which  cold  water  was  kept  continually  circulating.  This  effectually 
cooled  the  fumes  and  allowed  the  absorption  in  the  second  division  of 
the  box  of  any  sulphuric  acid  which  had  been  formed.  In  this  sec- 
ond division  the  fumes  came  in  actual  contact  with  water,  allowing,  as 
mentioned  above,  the  absorption  of  sulphuric  acid,  while  having  been 
cooled  by  the  previous  treatment  the  sulphur  dioxide  formed  no  fresh 
sulphuric  acid.  A  further  trap  for  sulphuric  acid,  which  had  been  in 
use  with  the  old  sulphur-box,  was  kept  in  place  and  allowed  any  sul- 
phuric acid  present  to  drop  perpendicularly  down,  on  account  of  its  spe- 
cific gravity,  into  a  suitable  receptacle,  while  the  lighter  sulphur  diox- 
ide is  drawn  oil*  by  suction  at  right  angles  into  the  juice. 

Alter  the  new  arrangement  for  cooling  the  fames  had  been  put  in, 
two  runs  were  made,  one  with  an  acid  defecation,  the  other  with  a 
neutral.  Each  run  contained  a  little  over  197,000  pounds  of  sucrose  in 
the  juice  extracted,  and  with  the  acid  defecation  only  .'H7  pounds  of 
sucrose  were  losl  by  inversion,  while  in  the  neutral  not  a  pound  disap- 
peared from  this  cause.  From  this  !  am  led  to  believe  that  in  another 
year  the  Inversion  caused  by  sulphuric  acid  will  be  entirely  stopped, 

hut.  Since  to  secure  the  best  rcsulls  with  sulphur  the  juices  must  be 
left  a  little  acid  after  defecat  ion,  there  will  always  he  a  slight  inversion, 
but  the  acidity  will  he  from  ;i  weaker  acid,  and  will  amount  to  nothing. 
That  sulphur  in  cane  juice  can  be  made  a  dangerous  and  formidable 
enemy  in  the  hands  of  untrained  and  unskilled  workmen  can  not  for  a 
moment  be  denied,  but  when  properly  and  scientifically  handled  it  is 
one  of  the  most,  if  not  the  most,  valuable  aid  in  a  null  house.  With  dif- 
fusion it  will  n<»t  be  as  important    if  used  at  all,  as  the  diffusion  juices 


19 

are  usually  drawn  from  the  cell  at  too  high  a  temperature  to  admit  of 
its  use  without  great  danger  of  inversion.  With  mill  juices  even, 
when  sulphur  is  used,  great  care  and  celerity  should  always  be  exer- 
cised. Separate  the  sulphured  juice  at  once,  evaporate  the  juice  to 
sirup  immediately  after  defecation  and  from  the  sirup  concentrate  to 
massecuite  without  stopping,  and  so  on  as  fast  as  the  lower  grades  will 
allow  of  good  results.  This,  however,  is  true  of  any  sugar-house,  whether 
sulphur  is  used  or  not,  and  large  losses,  which  are  often  attributed  to 
some  method  of  manufacture,  are  due  to  nothing  else  but  delay  in  work- 
ing up  the  juice  after  it  has  been  soured.  Certainly  Calumet,  with  the 
highest  average  season's  yield  ever  reported  in  Louisiana,  and  this  with 
an  extraction  of  from  80  to  87  per  cent  of  sucrose  present  in  the  cane, 
has  no  reason  for  changing  its  treatment  of  the  juice  as  long,  at  least. 
as  it  continues  mill-work.  Cheapness  and  effectiveness  are  two  as  good 
recommendations  as  anything  needs,  and  both  of  these  can  be  applied 
to  the  use  of  sulphur  at  Calumet. 

MACERATION  AND  ITS  EFFECT  ON  YIELD. 

Below  is  given  a  table  showing  the  work  done  both  before  and  after 
maceration  was  begun: 


Without  water 

added. 

With  water 

added. 

Cane  ground tons . . 

3,  993.  26 

3,  388.  31 

Do pounds . . 

7,  980,  925 

6,  776,  623 

Sucrose  in  cane do 

1, 016  363 

843,  488 

Juice  extracted gallons.. 

650, 878 

599,21:; 

Do pound-;. . 

5,  786,  909 

5,  327,  383 

Sucrose  in.juico do  — 

818,  269 

736,  478 

Sucrose  in  bagasse .do 

198,  096 

107,  008 

Sucrose  in  bagasse,  percent  of  total 

19.  49 

12.  69 

Sucrose  obtained,  percent  of  total 

80.51 

Em  roae  obtained,  per  1,000  pounds  su- 
in  cane pounds.. 

805.1 

873.1 

Sucrose  gained  per  1,000  pounds  b\  mao- 

68 

Sucrose  Lost  in  lir>t  part  of  season  by  not 

69,  113 
17.  :u 

Sucrose,  lost  in  first  pari  of  Beaton  per 
ton  of  cane pound*   , 

Sucro&e  gained  in  second  part  of 

57, 357 
16  18 

Sucrose  gained  in  second  part  of  aeaaon 

Water  add.  d,  pel  cent  ot   normal   juice, 

11    '.»4 

Mill  extraction  of  juice  per  sent  i 

The  addition  of  water  was  began  about  the  middle  of  the  first  plant- 
run,  and  as  it  was  thought  unnecessary  to  divide  the  run,  the  actual 
yield  of  merchantable  sngar  can  not  be  given  exactly,  bat  since  a  pound 


20 

of  sucrose  in  the  juice  meant  a  pound  of  commercial  sugar  the  return 
can  be  easily  figured  from  the  table.  At  any  rate,  as  the  extra  amount 
of  sugar  secured  in  the  juice  is  the  only  way  to  judge  of  the  good  mac- 
eration does,  everything  will  be  found  in  the  table  which  is  necessary  to 
form  an  opinion  of  the  work.  A  gain  of  17  pounds  of  sugar  per  ton  of 
cane  by  simply  adding  11.94  per  cent  of  water  is  an  amount  of  sugar 
secured  in  such  a  way  that  no  planter  can  afford  to  overlook  it.  The 
only  extra  expense  entailed  is  the  evaporation  of  the  water  added,  and, 
as  at  Calumet,  all  the  exhaust-steam  could  not  be  used  before  macera- 
tion was  begun  the  extra  yield  was  secured  with  almost  no  expense. 

The  method  employed  for  adding  the  water  is  believed  to  have  much 
in  it  to  recommend  itself,  and  since  the  manner  of  doing  anything  has 
as  much  to  do  with  success  as  the  mere  fact  of  doing  it,  the  method  will 
be  given  in  full.  The  water  was  ejected  from  a  perforated  pipe  upon 
the  bagasse  as  it  was  being  released  from  the  pressure  of  the  front  mill. 

It  was  argued  by  Mr.  Wibray  J.  Thompson,  and  rightly,  too,  in  my 
opinion,  that  during  the  expansion  which  follows  this  pressure  the 
bagasse  is  more  likely  to  thoroughly  and  uniformly  absorb  the  added 
water,  as  it  is  known  to  do  such  juice  as  passes  through  the  mill,  than 
at  any  subsequent  period,  a  minimum  of  water  thus  being  made  to  pro- 
duce maximum  results  and  a  maximum  of  time  afforded  for  diffusive 
and  osmogenic  action  before  entering  the  second  mill.  The  water  added 
and  the  juice  present  in  the  bagasse  from  the  front  mill  should,  he 
thought,  become  a  homogeneous  liquor  practically  resembling  the  nor- 
mal juice  in  every  particular  except  in  having  a  lower  specific  gravity. 
It  can  readily  be  seen  that  this  juice  of  a  uniform  quality  would  give  a 
higher  extraction  of  sucrose  than  if  the  water  be  added  indiscriminately 
at  any  point  of  the  intermediate  carrier,  supersaturating  some  of  the 
bagasse  and  not  reaching  other  parts  at  all,  which  would  give  a  smaller 
extraction  of  sucrose  with  a  higher  dilution,  since  from  that  part  of  the 
bagasse  which  was  supersaturated  an  excess  of  water  would  be  expressed 
while  an  excess  of  juice  would  be  left  behind  in  parts  insufficiently 
saturated  or  diffused. 

By  carefully  observing  these  conditions  the  yield  of  sugar,  as  was 
mentioned  before,  was  increased  17  pounds  per  ton  of  cane.  This  is  an 
enormous  advance  over  ordinary  mill  work,  but  on  an  estimate  of  what 
diffusion  would  have  done  with  the  same  cane  and  a  96  per  cent  ex- 
traction, which  can  easily  be  obtained,  a  net  gain  over  maceration  of 
23  pounds  of  sucrose  per  ton  of  cane  would  have  been  made.  Thus, 
while  it  can  be  seen  that  maceration  is  of  great  advantage,  it  is  at  its 
besl  <»nly  a  temporary  expedient  to  be  used  till   plantation  owners  can 

prepare  their  sugar-houses  for  diffusion* 

The  most  effect  ive  and  economic  maceration  will  require  a,  dibit  ion  of 
about  15  percent,  on  the   weight-  of  normal  juice,  while  tl  illusion  needs 

but  tittle  more.    Multiple  effect  evaporation  is,  then,  as  necessary  for 

maceration  as  for  dilfusion,  and  without  this  aid    tin    expense  and  loss 


21 

of  sucrose  during  evaporation  would  not  be  balanced  by  the  return  of 
sugar.  The  chances  for  extremes  of  dilution  are  much  greater  in 
maceration  than  by  diffusion,  allowing  both  to  be  in  charge  of  inex- 
perienced persons,  and  taken  all  iu  all,  though  the  gain  by  good  macer- 
ation is  great  where  a  house  has  to  be  changed  at  all  for  either  of  the 
two  processes,  there  should  not  be  the  slighest  hesitancy  in  choosing 
diffusion.  Easy  to  handle  and  effective,  the  latter  has  everything  in 
its  favor,  and,  since  it  has  been  proven  that  the  exhausted  chips  can  be 
burned,  there  is  nothing  against  it.  Come  it  will  sooner  or  later,  and 
he  who  introduces  it  first  will  reap  the  greatest  benefit. 

AVAILABLE  SUGAR. 

While  in  my  opinion  it  is  unnecessary  and  useless  in  sugar-house 
work  to  have  an  arbitrary  formula  for  predicting  results,  as  from  the 
very  nature  of  the  material  nothing  constant  can  be  secured,  still  as  it 
has  hitherto  been  customary  by  the  Department  to  use  some  such 
standard,  I  will  report  Calumet's  work  in  the  same  way.  The  formula 
which  has  been  mostly  used  for  this  purpose  has  been  one  and  a  half 
times  the  glucose  present  in  the  juice  deducted  from  the  sucrose.  The 
product  thus  expressed  is  sugar  of  100°  polarization,  which  should  go 
to  market  as  crystal. 

At  Fort  Scott,  Kans.,  campaign  of  1887,  working  sorghum  cane  the 
crystallized  product  obtained  was  expressed  by  deducting  1.42  times  the 
glucose  from  the  sucrose,  this  being  slightly  better  work  than  according 
to  the  ordinary  formula.  The  following  table  gives  the-  results  of  each 
of  the  five  runs  into  which  the  campaign  was  divided  at  Calumet.  This 
table  gives  both  the  amount  of  sugar  according  to  the  regular  formula 
and  that  which  was  actually  secured;  also  a  formula  expressing  the 
results.  It  will  be  seen  that  even  in  the  one  sugar-house  the  widest 
variations  exist. 


Firsl  stubble 

Second  Btnbble 

First  plant 

Second  plant 

Third  plant 

Total   crop    


Pounds 
of  sucrose 
—  1.60  x 


Pounds  of 

sucrose  a<*tu-   Formula  for  available  sugar. 
ally  secured 


Analyst !  of  jui<  e  not  ,  ompb  te 


898,  180.62 
177,438.40 


861,674.02 

7J7,071.!>H 


171,168.83         188. 


],  157,  838.  16 


Sucrose  — 1.04  glucose. 

Sucrose  — .81  glucose. 

Sucrose  —  I,  26  glucose. 

Sucrose  — .  68  glucose. 

Sucrose—  .  87  glucose. 


This  is  up  to  the  present  time  the  besl  work  with  cane  juice  ever  pub- 
lished, there  being  a  difference  of  .55  between  Calumet's  average  factor 

for  available  sugar  and  that  of  the  FortScott  works,  the  latter  the  best 
previously  recorded. 


22 


NEUTRAL  YERSTJS   ACID   CLARIFICATION. 

In  all  Louisiana  sugar-houses  where  sulphur  is  used  the  juices  are 
left  slightly  acid  for  the  purpose  of  securing  an  improved  color  in  all 
the  products  from  first  sugar  to  final  molasses  inclusive.  This  practice 
is  followed  both  in  open-kettle  and  vacuum-pan  sugar-houses. 

The  great  trouble  in  working  such  juices  is,  naturally,  the  inversion 
caused  by  the  presence  of  a  free  acid.  A  very  slight  acidity  is  all  that 
is  pecessary  to  secure  the  desired  color  in  the  production  of  yellow 
clarified  sugars,  but  even  in  skilled  hands  this  acidity  is  very  difficult 
to  control,  and  under  the  charge  of  the  ordinary  Louisiana  clarifier- 
man  the  juice  is  left  first  at  one  extreme  and  then  at  the  other,  with  a 
tendency  always  to  the  more  acid  juice. 

In  the  manufacture  of  white  sugar  the  evil  is,  of  course,  intensified 
by  higher  degrees  of  acidity  sought.  The  lack  of  knowledge  and  care 
has  been  so  marked  in  most  cases  that  the  owuers  themselves  were 
ignorant  even  that  it  was  possible  for  such  a  loss  to  occur. 

Only  in  a  very  few  places,  and  even  in  these  but  for  a  few  years,  have 
any  attempts  been  made  to  give  the  juice  a  practical  chemical  treat- 
ment. In  most  places  where  this  has  been  done  a  considerable  inver- 
sion has  been  found  in  working  the  acid  juices.  To  overcome  this  loss 
by  inversion  the  juices  are  limed  to  neutrality.  This  practice,  how- 
ever, lowers  the  quality  of  the  sugar,  for  as  soon  as  the  juice  loses  its 
acidity  it  fails  to  give  so  brilliant  a  sugar,  because  of  the  formation  of 
calcic  glucates  and  other  dark-colored  compounds;  hence  it  is  necessary 
that  a  sufficient,  amount  of  additional  sugar  be  recovered  by  the  neutral 
clarification  to  overcome  the  difference  in  price  of  the  sugar  from  an 
acid  clarification. 

The  last  two  runs  of  the  season  were  selected  for  a  trial  of  the  relative 
merits  of  the  two  methods  of  clarification,  and  a  tabulated  statement 
of  the  work  done  is  given  below : 


ground tana  . 

Mill  extraction per  cent.. 

'lion  of  sik  rose .do   --■ 

Dilation  dne  '<>  maceration. . . , <l«>  — 

Sue iosc  in  diluted  Juice »l<>  — 

osc  in  joice pounds.. 

Sucrose  in  sirup do 

Biechanioal  loss  between  juice  and  snnp do  — 

in\  i  i -sion  of  em  rose  In  whole  run. <l<>  — 

Sngai  100    polarization  obtained do 


Ac  id  run. 


B7.21 

13.  54 
197,281 

817 


Neutral 

run. 


956.  66 

80.31 
BO.  16 
16.  19 
11.48 
197,817 
194,671 
2,646 

None. 


The  selection  of  these  two  runs  lor  the  trial  proved  to  b»i  a  very  mi- 
fortunate  one,  the  difference  in  the  quality  of  the  cane  being  \<tv  marked. 
With  do  other  difficulty  than  this  a  strict  comparison  of  results  would 


23 


be  impossible,  but  coupled  to  this  the  mechanical  loss  at  the  double 
effect  in  the  acid  run  was  the  largest  of  the  season,  while  in  the  neutral 
it  was  the  smallest.  This  loss  can  not,  in  my  opinion,  be  attributed  to 
the  different  methods  of  clarification,  but  merely  to  the  handling  of  the 
double  effect.  Even  if  the  different  losses  in  the  two  runs  were  due  to 
the  different  viscosity  of  the  juices,  as  was  suggested  might  be  possible  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Thompson,  the  loss  itself  will  be  entirely  avoided  in  another 
year,  and  ought  not  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  results. 

As  far  as  a  loss  by  inversion  is  concerned,  there  need  be  no  discus- 
sion, because  by  either  process  there  was  at  Calumet  no  such  loss,  or 
practically  none,  the  acid  run  having  only  317  pounds,  which  is  too 
small  to  be  considered,  and  the  neutral  having  none  of  course.  This 
absence  of  inversion  in  the  acid  run  disposes  of  the  most  important 
objection  to  that  method  of  clarification  and  reduces  the  discussion  to 
the  comparative  amount  of  sugar  recovered  by  the  two  methods  and 
the  market  value  of  the  product  after  it  is  recovered.  In  the  acid  run 
91.G1  per  cent,  of  the  sucrose  in  the  juice  was  put  on  the  market  as  crys- 
tallized sugar,  while  in  the  neutral  05.31  per  cent,  was  recovered.  If, 
however,  the  mechanical  loss  at  the  double  effect,  mentioned  above, 
had  been  the  same  the  sugar  obtained  would  have  been  very  nearly 
equal,  while  all  the  products  of  the  acid  clarification  had  from  .0G2  to 
.25  cents  per  pound  the  advantage  in  price  on  the  gross  sales. 

As  far,  then,  as  this  season's  work  was  carried  at  Calumet  the  ad- 
vantage lies  entirely  with  the  acid  clarification.  By  careful  and  expe- 
ditious working  of  the  juice  inversion  was  almost  prevented;  as  large 
an  amount  of  sugar  can  be  recovered  from  the  juice  and  the  market 
value  of  the  products  are  invariably  higher. 

Table  showing  comparative  per  cents  of  albuminoids  in  raw,  sulphured,  and  clarified  juices. 


No. 

Raw 

juice. 

Sulphured 
juice. 

Clarified 
juice. 

186 

. 10937 
.11250 

. 10937 
.  18750 
.13125 
.  11875 
.  15000 
.12187 
.  L0037 

. 1C625 
..  10625 
. 10937 
. 10U00 
.  12812 
. 10000 
.10312 

. 09375 

. 06250 
.  0G250 

. 06875 

.  05625 
.  05625 

190 

219 

23:5 

250 

256 

2G5 



::::i 



.  12250 

.  105K0 

.  06656 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  thai  SO*  combined  with  or  destroyed 
some  of  the  nitrogen  present  in  the  juice.    Whether  this  is  albuminoid 

matter  or  not   I  can  not    say.  but  as  all  the   nitrogen  18  calculated  to  al- 
buminoids the  percentage  is  rerj  sensibly  decreased  in  the  sulphured 


24 

juice.  The  clarified  juice  contains  but  little  over  one-half  the  albumi- 
noids present  in  the  raw  juice.  This  is  about  the  same  percentage  of 
albuminoid  matter  removed  as  that  at  Magnolia  plantation,  reported  in 
Chemical  Bulletin  15  of  this  Department. 


Summary  of  total  croj)s.* 

Solids  in  juice per  cent..  10.  40 

Sucrose  in  juice do 13.  94 

Glucose  iu  juice do .  '.»:> 

Purity  coefficient 

Sucrose  in  juice pounds..  1,54b. '.»?.". 

Glucose  in  juice do 10:>,  332 

Commercial  sugar  obtained do 1,549,  078 

Sugar  of  100°  polarization  obtained do 1,458,876 

Sucrose  in  final  molasses 67,  4"J;> 

Inversion  of  sucrose pounds. .  0, 112 

Mechanical  loss  of  sucrose do 30,  4:51 

Total  loss  of  sucrose  t do....  150,  543 

Total  loss  of  sucrose per  cent..  2. 30 


Analyses  of  molasses  boiled  for  third  sugar. 


Sucrose. 

Xo 

Solids. 

Direct. 

Indirect. 

224 

Per  cent. 

77.4 

■ 

Per  cent. 
33.  20 

42.  77 

33.  74 

488 

75.4 

34.4 

38.96 

51.67 

20.38 

493 

77.6 

33.4 

37.10 

47.81 

21.51 

494 

75.  8 

30.4 

36.88 

48.65 

21.17 

HO.  1 

27.2 

33.  10 

40.09 

8L5 

28.2 

33.  92 

41.62 

32. 4ii 

407 

77.1 

36.4 

41.18 

53.  41 

23.  60 

76.6 

35.  4 

52.06 

20.  12 

199 

7.i.  2 

3.-».  2 

39.  72 

52.  11 

L9.84 

f.OO 

71.4 

39.0 

12  82 

20.  2:; 

80.  (i 

:;:;.  fl 

87.80 

46.  28 

19.97 

77.1 

:::t.  c, 

This  table  is  given  to  show  to  what  point  crystallization  can  be  car- 
ried. In  one  instance  the  glucose  is  already  ill  excess  of  the  sucrose, 
and  in  others  the  amount  is  nearly  equal,  and  \e(  from  all  these  a  good 
Crop  of  Crystals  was  secured. 


"Unstable  does  nol  include  the  Aral  Btubble  run,  as  complete  analyses  of  thejaioea 

in. 1   made.      Inclusive  of  this  run  the  total  commercial  sugar  was  1,783,421 

pound 

t 'flu-  apparenl  excess  of  Buorose  in  the  added  products  Is  due  fco  tin-  fact  that 

'  pounds  of  sucrose  are  shown  by  double  polarization  of  the  molasses,  winch 

were  presenl  but  not  shown  i>\  the  Bingle  polarization  of  the  juice. 


25 

Analyses  of  final  molasses. 


The  exceptionally  fine  record  made  by  Calumet  is  worthy  of  more 
than  passing  notice.  As  mill  work  it  is  unprecedented,  having  sur- 
passed anything  which  has  heretofore  been  thought  possible.  The  ex- 
traction of  juice  was  not  phenomenally  high,  though  after  mascer- 
ation  was  began  it  was  much  above  the  average,  but  the  manipulation 
of  the  juice  after  it  was  once  secured  was  remarkably  good.  The 
machinery  was  well  arranged  and  worked  admirably,  and  to  the  ar- 
rangement is  due  much  of  the  credit,  as  it  allowed  an  ease  and  speed  in 
working  which  otherwise  could  not  have  been  attained. 

The  one  noticeable  mechanical  loss  was  at  double  effect.  The  loss 
here  was  larger  than  thought  possible,  but  the  most  careful  measure- 
ment and  analyses  of  the  material,  both  before  and  after  entering  the 
double  effect,  only  confirmed  the  disappearance.  During  the  campaign 
30,431  pounds,  or  1.97  per  cent.,  of  the  sucrose  extracted  disappeared  at 
this  place.  A  portion  of  this  loss  is  really  due  to  the  press-cake,  but 
as  this  was  carefully  lixiviated  from  two  to  three  hours  all  through  the 
campaigns,  the  sucrose  lost  in  this  way  was  but  a  small  amount.  No 
analyses  of  cake  were  made,  as  the  presses  gave  no  trouble  whatever 
at  any  time,  and  the  other  work  was  thought  to  be  more  important. 
Steps  have  been  taken  to  stop  this  loss  during  the  next  campaign.  A 
Helix  separator  is  to  be  attached  to  the  condenser  pipe,  and  it  is  ex- 
pected thai  this  will  arrest  the  Spray  and  return  it  to  the  pan. 

From  the  sirup  to  the  final  product  it  is  hard  to  see  how  the  work 
could  be  improved.  The  most  noticeable  feature,  and  the  one,  i  think, 
to  which  the  high  yield  maybe  attributed,  was  the  remarkable  stillness 
to  which  the  massecnites  were  boiled.  In  all  grades  of  the  material  as 
much  water  was  driven  oil'  as  was  thought  safe  to  do.  By  this  remarka- 
bly good  boiling  an  amount  of  sugar  was  recovered  which  leaves  abso- 
lutely no  loom  for  comparison  with  the  work  of  other  Louisiana  sugar- 
houses.     This  is  a  record  to  be  proud  of,  and  the  enterprising  proprietor 

of  Calumet,  Mr.  Daniel  Thompson,  ami  his  son,  W.J,  Thompson,  di- 
rector of  the  sugar- house,  deserve  unstinted  praise  for  showing  the  pos- 
sibilities of  cane  culture  in  Louisiana  w  hen  the  manufacturing  is  carried 
out  on  a  rational  basis. 


2G 

What  has  been  done  can  be  done  again,  and  when  the  Louisiana 
planter  adopts  diffusions  and  carries  his  sugar-house  work  to  such  a 
degree  of  perfection  as  has  already  been  attained  at  Calumet  it  will  be 
no  unusual  thing  to  hear  that  250  pounds  of  sugar  have  been  obtained  . 
from  a  ton  of  cane. 

Table  No.  1. — Raw  juice,  second  stubble  run. 


Number. 


l)at.-. 


23 

Nov.     8 

29 

Nov.     8 

33 

Nov.     8 

37 

Nov.     9 

42 

Nov.     9 

48 

Nov.     9 

52 

Nov.  10 

56 

Nov.  10 

59 

Nov.  16 

64 

Nov.  11 

77 

Nov.  13 

83 

Nov.  13 

87 

Nov.  13 

91 

Nov.  14 

04 

Nov.  14 

97 

Nov.  14 

102 

Nov.  15 

105 

Nov.  15 

113 

Nov.  15 

Means . .. 

Solids.      Sucrose. 


15.97 
16.40 
16.38 
15.84 
15.67 
15.  79 
16.10 
16.88 
16.29 
16. 79 
16.01 
16.60 
16.40 
15.99 
16,54 
16.32 
16.80 
16.87 
1G.  44 


Purity. 


12.77 
13.41 
12.91 
13.30 
13.03 
13.00 

13.  49 
14.41 
13.60 

14.  31 
13.79 
14.36 
13.88 

13.85 
13.96 
14.66 
14.56 
14.17 


16.32 


13.78 


79.96 
BL  77 
78.81 
83.96 
83.16 

83.  7*3 
86.73 
83.  48 
86.47 
86.13 
86.51 
84.63 
81.74 
83.67 
85.  54 
88.57 
86.31 
86.19 


Glueose. 


84.43 


1.19 

1.11 
1.  33 

.98 
1.00 

.98 
1.  02 

.92 
1.06 

.97 

.94 

.91 


Glucose 
ratio. 

8.28 

10.30 

7.37 

7.67 

7.54 

7.56 

6.37 

7.79 

6.78 

6.82 

6.13 

0.  56 

6.57 

6.21 

6.16 

ti.  42 

7.04 

Table  No.  2.- 

-Sulphured 

second  stubble  run 

N  umber. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Purity. 

Glaooee. 

Glucose 

ratio. 

24 

Nov.    8 
Nov.     8 
Nov.     8 
Nov.     0 
Nov.     9 
Nov.     9 
No-  .    in 
Nov.    10 
Nov.   10 

Not.  n 
Nor.  18 

Nov.  19 

Xo\.     11 

Nov.  it 
Not.  16 
Nov.  16 

Nov.    15 

16.06 

16.61 
16.81 
16.02 
15.70 
16.  01 
it;.  16 
17.08 

17.17 

16.66 
16.64 
L8.09 
16.66 

16.77 
16.80 

12.87 
13.  GO 
13.20 
13.19 
12.93 
12.60 
18.27 
l  L  46 
18.  in 

1  1.  27 
18.66 
1 1.  20 
18.96 
18.54 

14.54 

81.88 

8(1.  :.7 
82  18 

B6.  17 

84   i" 

84.09 

L  17 

1.05 

.  98 

1.01 

1.03 
.91 

.'.'ii 

88 

.•71 

.81 

9.01 
9.  82 

7.60 
7.  76 
6. 26 

6.  87 

8.81 

9  ii 

30 

34 

38 







60 

65 

7      





!»'_' 

95      





L06 

ill 

16.44 

1I5.68 

8::.  21 

.95 

0.91 

27 


Table  No.  3. — Clarified  juice,  second  stubble  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose.     Purity. 

Glucose. 

Glacose 
ratio. 

9.61 

8.36 

9.G5 

7.21 

G.7G 

7.45 

7.54 

6.27 

•   _ 

6.70 

6.51 

G.60 

6.21 

6.55 

6.14 

6.34 

5.41 

5.49 

G.77 

25 

31 

35 

Xov.     8 
Xov.     8 
Xov.     8 
Xov.     9 
Xov.     9 
Xov.     9 
Xov.  10 
Nov.  10 
Xov.  10 
Nov.  11 
Xov.  13 
Xov.  13 
Xov.  13 
Xov.  14 
Xov.  14 
Xov.   14 
Nov.  15 
Xov.  15 
Xov.  15 

/'-  r  '■■  nt, 
1G.  71 

1G.23 

16.85 

16.34 

1G.60 

16.13 

Vcr  ■ 

13.  42           80. 19 

13.27           81.76 

13.  2G           78.  82 

13.  32           81.  52 

13.  60           81.  93 

13.15            81    52 

1.28 

1.11 
1.30 

.9G 
.92 
.98 

1.  03 
.92 

1.16 
.97 
.93 
.91 
.77 

39 

44 

50  

54 

10.48           13.  G6 

82.89 
85.89 
82.10 
82.88 
-"   1  - 
85.01 
79.69 

58 

17.08 
17.04 
17.47 
16.90 
16.21 

15.  5G 
1G.  21 

16.  GO 
16.46 
17.00 
16.97 
16.71 

14.  G8 
14.09 
14.48 
14.27 
13.78 
12.40 

13.  7(i 
14.00 
13.89 

14.  6! 
14.40 
14.04 

61  

6G 

79  

85 

89 

93 

84.51  |            .87 
84.34               .86 
84.33               .88 
85.94               .79 
84.36               .79 
84.02  '            .95 

96 

9i) 

104   

107 

115 

16.61 

18.78 

83. 02                 97 

7.03 

Table  No.  4. — Sirup,  second  stubble  run. 


Xo.                       Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Purity.     Glucose. 

Glucose 

ratio. 

36 

51 

63 

Xov.     8 
Xov.     9 
Xov.   10 

57.  90 
55. 28 
57.06 
56.86 
54.  8G 
56.  58 

46.10 
46.  1G 
48.  76 

79.  76 

85.  S3 

i 

4.  25 
3.92 

8.33 
9.  27 
8.04 
6.9S 
6  42 

90 

Xov.  13 
Xov.   14 
Xov.  15 

49.10           86.46 
48.58          88.55 
49.  66          ■~7  :: 

3.44 
3. 12 

100 

116 

3. 12 

fi  9S 

5G.  42           47.  70 

85.  72 

3.  G2             7  R7 

Table  No.  5. — Sugars,  second  stubble  run, 


l  lesoi  tptdon  of 
sample. 

Date. 

Glucose. 

20 
446 

447 
44H 
449 

521 

a 

...  do  

...do 

Nor.    6 

}'<  r  (■■  ill. 

.  ..do 

....do   

M 

88 

Third  sugtT    .. 

Feb.   is 

7.13 

28 


Table  Xo.  C. — Third  molasses,  second  stubble  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Purity. 
Double 
polariza- 
tion. 

Glucose. 

Glucose 

ratio. 
Double 
polariza- 
tion. 

Single 
polariza- 
tion. 

Double 

polariza- 
tion. 

521 

Feb.   18 

Per  cent. 
78.3 

! 

17.6 

23.  78 

30.37 

36.62 

154.00 

Summary. — Second  stubble  run. 

Cane  ground tons..  1,  945.04 

Cane  ground pounds..  3,  S90,  078 

Sucrose  in  cane do 482.  447.  44 

Juice  extracted gallons..  318,  775 

Juice  extracted pounds . .  2,  831,  535 

Sucrose  in  j  uice do 390, 185.  52 

Sucrose  in  bagasse do 92,  2G1.92 

Sucrose  extracted,  per  cent  of  sucrose  in  cane 80. 88 

Glucose  in  juice pounds..  27,  465.  89 

Available  sugar  at  1.50  X  glucose  deducted  from  sucrose do 348,  986.  68 

Total  ragars  in  juice  .% do...  413, 120.95 

Sirup  obtained gallons..  75,  006 

Sirup  obtained pounds..  799,155.42 

Sucrose  in  sirup do....  381,916.38 

Loss  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup do 8,  269. 14 

Glucose  in  sirup do ... .  28,  929.  43 

Inversion  of  sucrose do 1,922.94 

Commercial  first  sugar  obtained. do 2G0,  B83 

First  sugar  of  100°  polarization  obtained do 256,  753. 06 

Commercial  second  sugar  obtained do —  96,145 

Second  sugar  of  100°  polarization  obtained do 84,  607.60 

Glucose  in  BCCOnd  sugar do  ...  3,  259.  82 

Commercial  third  sugar  obtained do —  25, 141 

Third  sugar  of  100°  polarization  obtained do 29,213.36 

Glucose  in  third  sugar do I,  792.  56 

Third  molasses  obtained gallons . .  6, 900 

Third  molasses  obtained. pounds..  80.  868 

Sucrose  in  third  molasses,  single  polarization do 14,  232.77 

Sucrose  in  third  molasses,  double  polarization do 19,  230.  41 

Glucose  in  third  molasses do 26,427.  66 

Gain  in  glaoose  between  sirup  and  product   do 2,  559.  16 

Inversion  of  sue  lose  bet  ween  sirup  and  product do   ...  2,  422.  69 

Inversion  of  extracted  sucrose  during  entire  run   do 4,  B65.  54 

Sucrose  In  simp  -f.  thai  shown  by  double  polai  Isation do —  886,  91 1.  02 

Sucrose  obtained  as  sugar do  . ..  861,  574.02 

Total  sucrose  o!  it. •limd  in  sugars  ami  molasses do   . . .  889,694.43 

Total  glucose  obtained  In  sugars  and  molasses do —  81,  it*.1  58 

Mechanic  il  loss  of  BUCTOSe  bet  ween  sirup  and  product     do. . . .  B,  676.  99 

Mechanical  loss  of  sucrose  during  whole  run do 10,  023. 19 

of  extracted  sucrose  during  entire  run  by  inversion  and  meohan< 

i.ally pounds..  14,8 

Loss  of  extract*  d  sucrose  during  entire  run per  oenl . .  •*•  fio 


29 


Table  No.  7. — Raw  juice,  first  plant  run. 


No. 


Date. 


117. 
123. 
126. 
129. 
138. 
141. 
146. 
153. 
159. 
164. 
163 
171. 
174. 
180. 
183. 
187. 
193. 
196. 


Nov.  16 
Nov.  16 
Nov.  16 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  23 


199 

Nov  23 

203 

Nov.  24 

206 

Nov.  24 

214* 

Nov.  24 

227 

Nov.  26 

231  

Nov.  26 

236 

Nov  26 

241 

Nov.  27 

245 

Nov.  27 

253 

Nov.  27 

258 

Nov.  28 

264  

Nov.  28 

268 

Nov.  28 

273 

Nov.  29 

280 

Nov.  29 

N«.v.  30 



298 

Nov.  30 

302 

Nov.  30 

306 

Deo.  l 

308 

Deo.  l 

310 

Dec   1 

Mi  MM. .. 

Solids. 


Per  cent. 
16.98 

16.73 

16.87 

16.82 

16.69 

17.07 

17.55 

16.68 

17.16 

17.21 

16.36 

16.06 

16.37 

16.97 

16.94 

17.03 

16.35 

16.62 

16.  83 

16.87 

16.51 

16.02 

14.65 

15.04 

15.74  i 

15.35  i 

15.24 

15.23 

14.60 

1 1.  6fl 

15.10 

14.80 

15.63 

14.67 

14.62 

14.  60 

14.73 

13.60 


[ 
Sucrose.     Purity. 


15.92 


Per  cent. 
14.69 

14.31 

14.39 

14.61 

14.15 

14.83 

15.27 

14.25 

14.83 

14.45 

14.23 

13.79 

14.28 

14.65 

14.84 

14.81 

14.05 

14.42 

14.83 

14.53 

14.28 

13.  97 

12.72 

13.07 

13.28 

12.94 

13.45 

12.  57 

12.45 

12.59 

13.00 

12.  58 

13.  17 
12.64 
12.41 
12.  4.-- 
12.  56 
11.81 
11.95 


86.63 
85.53 
85.30 
86.86 
84.79 
86.88 
87.01 
85.24 
86.  42 
83.96 
86.99 
85.86 
87.23 
87.51 
87.60 
86.  96 
85.93 
86.76 
88.01 
86.13 
86.49 
87.20 
86.83 
86.90 
84.38 
84.30 
88.25 
82.  53 
85.27 
85.88 
86.09 
85.00 
84.25 
86.75 
84.88 
65.  27 

85.52 
87 


13.69 




85. 99 


Glucose. 


Per  cent. 


.70 
1.10 
.74 
.54 
.85 
.80 


.94 
.90 
.74 
.73 
.72 
.99 
1.00 
.78 
.79 
.98 
.88 
.61 
.61 
.67 
.89 
.56 
.68 
.71 
.  92 
.'.)? 
.99 

.94 
.84 


Glucose. 
Katio. 


4.79 
7.77 
4.99 
3.53 
5.96 
5.39 


4.77 


5.05 
4.91 
4.87 
7.04 
6.93 
5.26 
5.44 
6.86 
6.30 
4.79 
4.67 
4.29 
6.88 
4.16 
5.41 
5.70 
7.31 
7.23 
7.87 
6.45 
7.44 
6.77 
7.  15 


.SI 


5.  92 


*  M.u  oration  begun. 


30 


Table  No.  w. — Sulphured  Juice— Jirst plant  run. 


No. 


118. 
124. 

127. 

130. 

139. 

142. 

147 

154. 

160. 

1G5. 

169 

172. 

175 

181. 

184. 

188. 

194. 

107. 

200. 

204 

207. 

215* 

228. 


Date. 


.'  2fi 


287. 

242. 
246. 
254. 

265. 
269. 

274. 

290. 

:h)3. 


Means. 


Nov.  16 
Nov.  16 
Nov.  16 
Nov.  17 

Nov.  17 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  21! 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  24 
X..Y.  24 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  28 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  28 

Nov.  29 
Nov.  30 

Nov.  :;o 
Nov.  :;o 


Solids. 


17.04 
17.02 
16.93 
16.87 
16.72 
16.90 
17.48 
16.72 
17.14 
17.06 
16.33 
16.18 
16.43 
16.88 
16.91 
17.27 
16.48 
16.  62 
16.91 
16.86 
16.63 
15.96 
14.67 
14.81 
15.54 
14.65 
14.81 
15.22 
ll.r,i 
14.57 
15.08 
1 1.  79 
15.97 
1 1.  88 
14.58 
1  I.  72 


16.05 


! 

14.58 

14.30 

14.  2.". 

14.47 

14.18 

14.58 

15.12 

14.37 

14.56 

14.47 

14.06 

13.79 

14.09 

14.52 

14.68 

14.64 

14.09 

14.51 

14.  73 

14.60 

14.  22 

13.98 

12.74 

12.74 

13.49 

12.  29 

12.67 

12.63 

12.49 

12.05 

12   7! 

12.  48 

12.  38 

12.  in; 

12.51 

12  46 


Puritv. 


13.70 


85.56 
84.02 
84.16 

84.81 
S6.  27 
86.50 
85.94 
84.95 
84.82 
86.10 
85.11 
85.15 

86.  81 
84.77 
85.50 
87.30 
87.11 
86.60 
85.  51 
87.59 
86.84 
86.02 
86.81 
S3.  89 
85.  55 
82.  97 
85.93 
82.  70 
84.48 


Glucose. 


. 


.70 
.93 
.75 
.64 

.83 

.78 


.70 
.72 
.72 
.89 

.84 
.79 
.81 
.97 
.86 
.62 
.57 
.67 
.87 
.53 
.71 
.7:; 
.95 

.:»7 

.  85 
.81 


Glucose 

ratio. 


4.84 
6.56 
5.14 

4. 2:; 

5.78 
5.36 


4  -; 

6.60 
5.54 
4.82 
4.90 
4.  92 
7.03 
5.78 
5.36 
5.55 
6.82 
6.15 
4.87 
4.47 

4.  90 
7.68 
4.20 

5.  62 
5.80 
7.W 
7.  22 
7.77 
6.83 
7  38 


Maceration  begun. 


31 


Table  No.  9. — Clarified  juice— first  plant  run. 


Xo. 


Date.         Solids.      Sucrose. 


119 

125 

128 

131 

140 

143 

148 

155 

161 

1G6 

170 

173 

176 

182 

185 

189 

195 

198 

201 

205 

208 

216*.... 
229  .... 

238  .... 

243 

247 

255  .... 
260  ... 
•-'tit; 

270.... 


291 . 


Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Xov. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Xov. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Xov. 

XoV. 

Xov. 
Xov. 


Per  cent. 
17.68 

16.87 

16.90 

16.62 

16.70 

'  16.71 

17.57 

16.87 

17.22 

17.40 

1C.  57 

16.56 

16.75 

17.24 

17.38 

17.00 

16.77 

16.71 

16.94 

17.16 

16.82 

16.31 

14.75 

15.06 

15.81 

14.71 

14.74 

15.40 

14.94 

15.01 

15.  20 

14.65 

15.41 

15.13 

15.00 

15.07 


Per  cent. 
15.15 

14.27 

14.40 

14.50 

14.  43 

14.48 

15.09 

14.61 

14.85 

14.66 

14.21 

14.08 

14.31 

14.71 

14.89 

14.  75 

14.73 

14.70 

14.  78 

14.77 

14.  22 

13.91 

12.83 

13.01 

13.64 

12.  40 

12.85 

12.76 

12.77 

12.98 

13.08 

12.58 

13.13 

12.  M 

12.55 


Purity. 


85.80 
84.58 
85.21 
87.24 
86.41 
86.65 
85.88 
86.60 
86.23 
84.25 
85. 18 

85.  02 
85.43 
85.33 
85.67 
86.77 
87.83 
87.  97 
87.  25 
86.07 
85.14 
85.28 

86.  99 
86.39 
86.  27 
83.95 
87.18 
82.86 
84.81 

86.05 
85.87 
85.20 
82.22 
83.67 
83.15 


Means 


16.21  13.89 


Glucose. 


Glucose 
ratio. 


Per  cent. 


4.69 
6.16 
5.12 
3.84 
5.61 
5.19 


o.07 
6.24 
5.94 
4.96 
4.83 
4.68 
6.45 
5.51 
5.07 
5.48 
6.40 
5.89 

4.  52 
4.87 
5.05 
6.77. 
4.12 
5.41 

5.  40 
7.10 
7.03 

6.25 
7.56 
6.62 
7.10 

5.  02 


'Maceration 


32 

Table  No.  10.— Sirup,  first  plant  ran. 


No.                 Date. 

Solids.      Sucrose. 

Purity. 

Glucose. 

Glucose 
ratio. 

1L'8 

Nov.  1G 

55.90 
54.60 

53.95 
54.29 

53.87 
49.50 
40.  S3 

4-.  41 
48.67 
L8.84 
49.14 

47.54 
47.  30 
48.59 
44  83 
40.72 

87.35 

87.07 

87.40 

-:  -J 
BO.  20 
90.56 

85.79 

Per  cent. 

2.50 

2.36 
2.99 

5.05 
6.08 

163 

Nov.  17 
Nov.  19 

179       

5.45 
4.98 
6.29 
6.  05 
5.25 

190 

Nov.  22 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  28 

°02  

223 

239 

256  

2.  4*0 

5.  35 

271   

2.65           6.51 
2.82           6.72 

283 

Nov.  29 

48.92 

41.97 

53.03            46.68 

87.84 

2.  E2           6.  04 

Table  No.  LI. — Sugars,  first  plant  run. 


No. 

4o  4 

457 

4> 

461 

it;  4 
465 
MM 

511 

Description  of  -ample. 

Mat.-. 

Sucrose. 

Glucose. 

Par  cent. 
Bee.  2 

. 

do         

Dec.  2 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  2 
Deo.  2 

98.4 
9& 

98.2 
98.2 
!)7.  G 
99. 

do          

do             

do                               

do              

do              

88.4 
88. 

87.4 
86. 

Jan.   4 
Jan.    i 

•  i. in     i 
Jan,    i 

Jan.    t 

•J.  '.•:: 
:;.o7 
3.19 

:;.  it 

do          

do                  

do       

do 

do  

87.4 

3.  25 

Feb.  '.» 

80. 

6.  92 

Tab]  i    N".  L2. — Third  molasses,  first  plant  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sim  i 

I'uiitx  . 

(  illH  use. 

Single 
polai  i/a 

linn. 

Doable 
polariza- 
tion 

514      ft  1..   '.' 

; 

• 

/".  /'  r,  ,,t 

33 


Summary — First  plant  run. 

Cane  ground tons . . 

Cane  ground ponndB. . 

Sucrose  in  cane — do 

Juice  extracted,  without  maceration gallons.. 

Jnice  extracted,  with  maceration  do 

Total  juice  extracted do 

Juice  extracted pounds.. 

Sucrose  in  juice do 

Sucrose  in  bagasse do  ... 

Sucrose  extracted,  per  cent  of  sucrose  in  cane 

Glucose  in  j  nice pounds . . 

Available  sugar,  at  1.50  X  glucose  deducted  from  sucrose do 

Total  sugar  in  juice do  ... 

Sirup  obtained gallons.. 

Sirup  obtained pounds . . 

Sucrose  in  sirup  do  ... 

Loss  of  sncrose  between  juice  and  sirup do 

Glucose  in  sirup  do 

Inversion  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup do  ... 

Mechanical  'oss  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup do  ... 

Commercial,  first  sugar  obtained do 

First  sugar,  100°  polarization  obtained do 

Commercial,  second  sugar  obtained do 

Second  sugar,  100°  polarization  obtained do  ... 

Glucose  in  second  sugar do 

Commercial  third  sugar  obtained do 

Third  sugar  100°  polarization  (1,726  pounds  of  57.6"  polarization)  .do 

Glucose  in  third  sugar 

Third  molasses  obtained  gallons.. 

Third  molasses  obtained po 

Sucrose  in  thiid  i  "arization do. ... 

Sucrose  in  tLiid  njulasses,  double  polaiizatiun  do  ... 

Glucose  in  tbiid  :  do.... 

en  sirup  and  product do  ... 

Inversion  of  sucrose  between  sirup  and  product do. .. 

Iu  version  of  sucrose  dining  cut  ire  run 

Suci    -  t  shown  by  double  p<larizali<  n    ... 

-e  obtained  as  sugar 

M  obtained  in  sugars  and  molasses do  ... 

Glue-  a  do  .. 

ried  into  other  runs  as  'tank  bottoms" d 

tween  sirup  and 
.! ratted  du:  do  ... 

if  extracted  SUCn  -  Tire  run  by  inversion  and  mec 

ically 

•    

Table  No.  13. — .  id  plant  run 


3.  593.  75 

"      -"490 

925.015.66 

332, 103 

.   1  158 

629.  261 

'    "--.114 

"       191.41 

60,  624.  25 

82.61 

45.215.12 

C96.  189.  62 

-       406. 53 

-. 

1,612.096 

752.  526.  41 

11,665 

16X11 

.--   .. 

10.  -  "     . 

493,  456 

-  "   58 

. 

'94.24 

*. 

96.95 

n 

-■ 

115.  .^40.50 

-       -     - 

30     -" 

35.- 

. 

1,429.  13 

43.30 

714.'    -    '- 

744, 

• 

11  1  - 

13,  1 

- 

8 

Purity. 

I 



3 

Per  cent 
13. 16 

1 

330 

i 

3 

12.71 

- 
85.07 



339  

; 

- 



4 

14.12 

-. 

" 



; 

aj 



14.31 

- 

358 

5 

11.61 

1 

363 

ma... 

5 

12.77 

r083— Bull. 


34 


Table  No.  14. — Sulphurtd  juice,  second  plant  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose.      Purity.      Glucose. 

Glucose, 
ratio. 

326 

331 

335 

340 

::45 

349 

Dec.     3 
Dec.     3 
Dec.     3 
: 

Dec.     4 
Dec.     4 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     5 

rer  cent. 
14.96 

14.31 

14.37 

14.03 

14.37 

14.93 

14.68 

14.87 

15.05 

Per  cent. 

12.  69 

12.22 
12.26 
11.93 
12.24 
12.58 
12  30 

Per  cent 

84.  25               .  77 

85.39               .73 
85.32               .71 
85.03               .SI 

85.  18  '            .82 
83.66               .91 

S3    70*!                    87 

6.07 
5.97 
5.63 
6.79 
6.70 
7.23 
7  n7 

355 

359 

12.45           83.73               .79           6.36 
12.86          85.45              .85          6.61 

3G4 

Means. .. 



14.62 

12.39           84.75                .81            6.54 

Table  No.  15. — Clarified  juice,  Second  plant  run. 


TABLE  NO.  16. — Sirup,  Second  plant  run. 


Table  No.  17. — First  masaecuite, Second  plant  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Purity. 

n-\„„„a .      Glucose 
Glncoae.        vati() 

327 

332 

3^6 

341 

340 

34ft 

::5fi  

300 

365 

Dec.     3 
Dec.     3 
Dec.     3 

Dec.     4 
Dec.     4 
Dec.     4 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     5 

Per  cent. 
15.19 

14.77 

14.  83 

14.38 

14.95 

15.24 

14.  4G 

15.  00 
15.25 

Per  cent. 
13.06 

12.42 

12  70 
12.17 
12.65 
12.84 
12.42 
12.  54 

13  03 

85.98 
84.02 
85.64 
84.63 
84.62 
84.25 
85.  89 
83.60 
82.  30 

.76 
.70 
.73 
.79 
.85 
.88 
.83 
.84 
.86 

5.64 

5.  75 
6.49 
6.63 
6.85 
6  84 
6.70 
6.58 

14.90 

1".  f)5             81   00                   81             6.40 

No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Purity. 

Glucose. 

Glucose 
ratio. 

351 

360 

Dec 
Dee 

D<  i 

3 
4 
5 

1 

12  86 

11.55 

86.47 
86.48 
85  61 

2.61 

6.  09 
7.81 

49  57 

42.  74 

86.  22 

6.  78 

Nm. 

Date. 

Solids. 

9 

Purity. 

1 1  lucose 
Glucose.       r;|tjn 

1 
: 

80  10 

90.  70 
80.  77 

81.0 

90.  12 

i 
5.67          7.oi 



377 







428    ......... 





431   

89.  88 

f>.  66           0.  f9 

35 


Table  No.  18. — Second  massecuite,  Second  plant  ran. 


Sucrose,     Sucrose, 
No.                Date.         Solids.      p^.     *J*      Pun,,-. 

tior.             Hon. 

Glucose. 

440 Dec.   26 

441 Dec.  26 

Percent.    Percent.    Percent.                       Percent. 
84.78           65. G             G'J.  IS           81.60         12.45 

83.18  1        63.6             67.04           80.65         11.25 

65.30           64.6             68.18           79.94         12.55 

83. 97  |        65. 4             68. 32           81. 36          1 

84.40  '        62.4             64.fe4           76.  82         13.51 

443 Dec.  26 

444 Dec.  27 

Means 

84. 32  •         64. 32           67.  51           80. 06         12. 27 

Table  No.  19. — Sugars,  Second  plant  run. 


Xo. 

435 
436 
4:;  7 
438 
439 

4'.- 
46!) 

513 

Description  of 
sample. 

Date. 

Sucrose. 

98.8 
99.0 
09.0  ' 
99.0 
98.8 

Glucose. 

First  sugar  .. 
...do  

Dec 

Dec. 

I),  r. 

Dec. 
Dec. 

24 
24 
24 
24 
24 

Per  cent. 

...do  

...do 

--•4o 

98.  92 

4.71    i 
4.41 

Second  sugar.. 
...do 

Jan. 
Jan. 

7 

83.8 
85.2 

84.5 

4.  56 

Third  sugar  .. 

Feb. 

9 

78.8 

■6.43 

Table  No.  20. — Molasses,  Second  plant  run. 


Sucre* 

Purity. 

ETc, 

"tion  of        n 
tan  |                 L,ate- 

Single 
polariza- 
tion. 

Double 

polarise 

tion. 

Glucose 

4M 

Firs(  moles*  »,    1 1 
....do i> 

liMOfl 

Beo'd  molasses   Jan.    L5 

-  -   do .Ian.     15 

' 

/'■  /■  i  ■  at 

55.0 

1 

58.90 

81.97 

10.62 
10.10 

71.56 

55.7 

58.06 

81.  14 

10.89 

33.4 

37.10 

21.51 

21.17 

76.7 

83.4 

36.  09 

t&  23 

21.  31 

Third  molasses    Feb.  10 

29.11 

36 

Summary. — Second  plant  run. 

Cane  ground tons..  886.23 

Cane  ground pounds..  1,  772,  400.00 

Sua  oso  in  cane do 226,  201.  33 

Juice  extracted,  as  dilated gallons..  178,  230.  00 

Juice  extracted,  normal do 156,  370.00 

Jaice  extracted,  as  diluted , pounds..  1,  574,  811.  00 

Juice  extracted,  normal ..do 1.  391,  145.  00 

Sucrose  in  juice do 197,  281.00 

Sucrose  in  bagasse do 28,920.  34 

Sucrose  extracted,  per  cent  of  sucrose  in  cane 

Glucose  in  juice pounds..  13,  228.  41 

Available  sugar,  at  1.  50  X  glucose  deducted  from  sucrose do 177.  , 

Total  sugar  in  juice do 210.5C9.41 

Sirup  obtained gallons..  -12,  540.  00 

Sirup  obtained pounds..  4:;C,  460.00 

Sucrose  in  sirup do     ..  186,  543.00 

Loss  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup do 10,  738.00 

Glucose  in  sirup do 12,  613.  65 

Inversion  of  sucrose  between  j  uice  and  sirup  . do 106.  37 

Mecbanical  loss  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup do 10,  631.  63 

Number  of  cubic  feet  of  first  massecuito  obtained 2,  [OS.  CO 

First  massecuite  obtained pounds..  229,  207.  50 

Sucrose  in  first  massecuite do 186,  116.  48 

Inversion  of  sucrose  between  sirup  and  first  masse  cuite do 210.  87 

Mecbanical  loss  of  sucrose  between  sirup  and  first  massecuite.. do 215.  65 

Glucose  in  first  massecuite do 12,835.62 

Commercial  first  sugar  obtained do 126,616. 00 

First  sugar  of  100°  polarization do 125,  248.  55 

Second  massecuite  obtained do  ...  94,  272.  74 

Sucrose  in  second  massecuite,  single  polarization do 60,  646.  23 

Sucrose  in  second  massecuite,  double  polarization do 63,  643.  53 

Sucrose  in  second  massecuite  and  first  sugar do 188,  892.  08 

Excess  of  sucrose  sbown  by  double  polarization do —  2,  997.  30 

Glucose  in  second  massecuite do  ...  11,567.27 

Commercial  second  BUgar  obtained do 57,262. 00 

Second  sugar  of  100°  polarization do 48,386.38 

Glucose  in  second  sugar do  ...  2, 611. 1 5 

Second  molasses  obtained do  ...  42,  ;;t;7. 4"> 

Sucrose  in  second  molasses,  single  polarization do 14, 150.  7:: 

Sucrose  in  second  molasses,  double  polarization do 15,671.72 

Glucose  in  second  molasses do 9,041.21 

Commercial  third  sugar do 8,998.00 

Third  sugar  of  100°  polarization do —  7,090  IS 

Glucose  in  (bird  sugar  do —  578.57 

Third  molasses,  obtained   gallons..  2,  550.  00 

Third  molasses  obtained pounds..  29,  962.50 

Sucrose  in  third  molasses,  single  polarization do 6,940.28 

Sucrose  ID  third  molasses,  double  polarization  do —  B,722  08 

Glucose  in  third  molasses do —  8,  796.  99 

Sucrose  obtained  as  sugar  do....  180. 725  35 

Sucrose  obtained  in  sugar  and  molasses  do —  189,  n  7.  1 9 

duetoerroi  In  sampling  or  analysis do  ... 

Loss  "i  extracted  sucrose  during  entire  run  by  Inversion  and  mechan- 
ically   pounds..  lu,  738.  90 

Loss  of  extracted  BUCrote  during  entire  run per  cent. .  5.44 


37 


Table  No.  21. — Raw  juice — Third  plant  run. 


No.               Date.         Solids.      Sucrose. 

Purity. 

Glucose      Glucose 
iriucose.        iatiQ 

368 

Per  cent.    Per  cent. 
Dec.     6          14.37          11.42 

Dec.     7           13.90           11.49 

Dec.    10           13.51           11.40 

Dec    10           13.95           11.55 

Dec.    10  '          14  05  '          11    78 

79.42 
82. 16 
83.64 
82.80 
83.13 
80.41 
79.  ,^4 
83.20 
89.  55 

Per  cent. 

.  80           7. 00 

1.17         10.18 

.  92           8.  00 

1.10  9.52 
1.  04           8.  83 

1.11  9.62 
1.08           9.48 

.  84           7. 12 
1.  03           9.  26 
.  82           7.  39 

372 

379 

385 

389 

396 

Dec.  11 

14.  50            11.  56 

402 

Dec.   11 
Dec.  11 

14.24  !         11.39 
U.  17            11.79 

408 

413  

Dec.    12           13.47           11.12 

418 

Dec.    12            13.32            11.09            83.26 

Means... 

13.  95           11.  46           82. 15 

.  99           8.  64 

Table  No.  22. — Sulphured  juice— Third  plant 


No. 

Date.         Solids.      Sucrose.     Purity.     Glucose.     Glucose 

J                            ratio. 

369 

Per  cent.    Per  cent. 
Dec.   6           14.38           11  38           79  14 

Per  cent. 
80 

373 

380 

Dec.    7           13.97           11.44           81.89 
Dec.  10           13.  75           11.  26          80.  43 

Dec.  10               13   95              11    f.ft              09    15 

1.20         10.49 

.95           8.44 

1.  12           9.  06 

1.04    *       8.76 

386 

390 

Dec.  10 

14.  20 

11  88           83  66 

397 

Die.  11 

Dec.  11 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  12 
Dec.  12 

14.73 

14.35 
14.27 

11.51           78.14 
11.34           79.02 
19  ft.T          8i  an 

403 

1.08 

.93 

1.01 

.77 

9.52 
7.73 
9.04     : 
6.88 

409 

414 

13.50           11.17           82.74 
13.37           11.18           83.62 

419 

14  05            ii   J-8           ai  7i 

Table  No.  23.— Clarified  juice—  Third  plant 


No. 

Date. 

Solids.       Sin  rose. 

Purity.      Glucose. 

Glucose 
ratio. 



Dec.  6 
Dec.  7 
Dec.  10 
Dee.  in 
Dec.  10 
!>..•   11 

Dee.  n 
Dee.  n 
Dec.  12 

lire.  12 

nt    Percent 

14.85 

/••  /•  cent. 

371   

381 

387 

891  

14.:::. 
1 L  u 

14.47 
14.91 

it:: 
13  i" 

11.92 
12.12 

i  1 .  92 

1U.  17 

12.  i" 
L2.80 

83.07             LU           8.40 
84.94               .91            7.51 
82.26             1.12           !(4(i 
84.11               .97 

L08          a  :i 
B8  H            l.OJ 
.88 

398 

404   

410    

415   

13  82          11  '><; 

L2Q 

L8.44          11.58          86. 16             .73         <;.:«> 

Means  . .. 

14.44               11   M              09   7')                    OK              -    .;.: 

38 


Table  No.  24.— Simp— Third  j)lant  run. 


No. 

Date.         Solids. 

Sucrose.    Purity. 

Glucose. 

Glucose 
ratio. 

37o 

394.. 

411 

Dec.   7 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  12 

Per  rent. 
48.  22 

47.41 

49.87 

48.  22 

Per  cent. 

41.43            85.92 

40.22           84.84 
42. 00           84.34 

4<).  78           84.  57 

Per  cent. 

3. 10 

3.35 
3.31 
2.88 

7.48 
8.33    ; 
7.87 
7.00     ! 

422 

48.43 

41.12           84.91 

3    1(5              7   R8 

Table  No.  25. — First  masaecuite — Third  plant  run. 


No.                Date. 

Solids.      Sucrose. 

Purity. 

Glucose. 

Glucose- 
ratio. 

460 

Jan.      3 
Jan.     4 
Jan.      7 
Jan.     7 
Jan.      9 
Jan.    11 
Jan.    11 
Jan.    11 
Jan.    11 
Jan.    12 

Percent.     /' 

89.  17            80.  8 

90.61 

Per  cent. 
4.97 

5.73 

5.  45 

6.03 

5.81 

G.  13 

5.87 

5.35 

■".  25 

4.  82 

6.15 
7.20 
6.81 
7.54 
7.23 
7.57 
7.26 
6.57 
6.50 
5.94 

467 

88  >:•            79.0 

RQ  SR 

470   

89.  97  '          80  0 

477 

480 

481 

482 

90.  86  '          80.  0 
90.48  ;          80.4 
91.41             81.0 
90.95             80.8 
90.99  1          81.4 

88.05 
88.86 
88.61 
88.83 
89  4(! 

483 

484 

90.  51  i           80.  8           89.  'M 

485 

90.75             81.2 

89.48 

90.  70             80.  6 

89.16 

5.54 

6.87 

TABU  No.  26. — Second  massecuite — Third  plant  run. 


No. 

Date. 

Solids. 

Sucrose. 

Parity. 

Glucose. 

Single 
polariza- 
tion. 

Double 
polariza- 
tion. 

490 

Jan.    15 
Jan.     15 
Jan.    15 

Per  cent. 
83.7 

85.  0 

Per  cent. 
64.8 

63.6 

63.  2 

66.90 
65.84 

79.  92 
7G.  48 
7G.  2G 

Per  r.  nt. 
13.51 
18  24 
15.58 

491   

492 

85.8 

63.  38 

65.  85            77  5.1 

14.  11 

Table  No.  27. — Sugar —  Third  plant  run. 


No 

.t  Kill    Of 

iple. 

lute 

7 
7 

B 

11 

Su<  rose. 

Per  cent. 
98.0 

09  0 

Glucose. 

172 

..  da 

do 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 

Jan. 
Feb. 

. 

171 

J75 

.  do    

..  do     

M.atl      .. 

Second  sugar 
Thixd  sugar 

98.76 

178 

83.2 
81.8 

4.55 

39 


Table  No.  28. — Molasses— Third  plant  run. 


487 
488 


500 


502 
519 


Sucrose. 


No.    Description  of      D 
sample. 


Solids. 


Single        Double 
polariza-    polarisa- 
tion, tiou. 


Purity.      Glucose. 


First  molasses 

Jan. 

13 

...do  

Jan. 

13 

Mean 

Second  uiolas- 

9S 

...do 

Jau. 

26 

Third  molasses 

Feb. 

11 

Per  cent.    Per  cent. 
74.  49  54.  6 

69.27  I  53.0 


Per  cent. 
55.90 

54.04 


53.8 


54.97 


74.4 
80.6 
77.6 


39.0 
33.6 
22.0 


42.  88 

37.30 
26.  62 


75.04 
78.01 


Per  cent. 
11.21 

11.94 


76.53 


11.57 


57.  28  20.  23 
46.28  19.97 
34.44         28.52 


Summary — Third  plant  run. 

Cane  ground tons . .  956.  55 

Cane  ground pounds..  1,  913, 100 

Sucrose  in  cane do 221, 177.  84 

Juice  extracted  as  diluted gallons . .  199,  855 

Juice  extracted,  norma' do 173,  040 

Juice  extracted  as  diluted pounds  .  1.761,  837 

Juice  extracted,  normal do 1,  536,  595 

Sucrose  in  juice    do 197,  317. 13 

Sucrose  in  bagasse do 23.  860.  71 

Sucrose  extracted,  per  cent  of  sucrose  in  caue 89.21 

Glucose  in  juice  - pounds..  17.442.20 

Available  sugar  at  1.50  times  glucose  deducted  from  sucrose.,  .do 171, 153.  83 

Total  sugars  in  juice do  ...  214,  759.33 

Sirup  obtained gallons..  46,  114 

Sirup  obtained pounds..  473, 422 

Sucrose  in  sirup  do 194,071.15 

Loss  of  sucrose  between  j  uice  and  sirup do 2.  045.  98 

Glucose  in  sirup do  ...  14,960 

Inversion  of  sucrose  between  juice  and  sirup None. 

Number  of  cubic  feel  of  ftrsi  massecuite  obtained 2,  760 

First  massecuite  obtained pounds..  253,920 

Sucrose  in  first  massecuite do 2o» 

i  of  sucrose  due  to  adding  "  tank  bottom  "  do  ...  9,  987.  85 

Glucose  in  firs!  massecuite  do 14.  or>7.  17 

Commercial  lirst  BUgar  obtained do  ...  140,431 

sugar  of  100    polarisation do 

i  massecuite  obtained do 102 

Sucrose  in  second  masse*  nite  single  polarization do 

se  in  second  massecuite; double  polarization do  ...  87 

due  to  double  polarization do  ...  2,04<  50 

Glucose  in  second  massecnite do li 

Commercial  second  sugar  obtained  <b>  ...  56,  742 

Second  Bug  a- of  100°  polarization do  ...  47 

Glucose  in  second  BUgar  do 

Second  molasw  -  obtained do  ...  50,779. 77 

Sucrose  In  second  molasses  single  polarisatioD  <1<> 

Sucrose  in  second  molasses  double]                  do  ...  20,291.68 

Glucose  in  second  molasses  do  ...  10 

Commercial  third  sugar  obtained  do  ...  18  742 

Third  sugar  of  100°  polarization  do  ...  15  181.83 

Glucose  in  third  sugar do  ...  i 

Third   molasses  obtained  do 

Sucrose  in  third  molasses,  sing  ion  do  ... 


4<) 


Summary — Third  plant  run — Continued. 

Sucrose  in  tliiid  molasses,  double  polarization pounds..  9,083.72 

Glucose  in  third  molasses do 10,439  18 

Excess  of  sucrose  over  second  molasses  due  to  "  tank  bottom  '.do....  3,  973. 14 

Sucrose  obtained  as  sugar do 201,080.  02 

Sucrose  obtained  in  sugars  aud  molasses do 210, 163.  74 

Excess  of  sucrose  during  entire  run  due  to  "  tank  bottom  " do 13,  448.  09 

Loss  of  extracted  sucrose  during  entire  run per  cent  .  1.  34 


Table  No.  29. — Calumet  Plantation  totals,  campaign  1838-89. 


Total  stubble. 

Wednesday, 

Oct.  31,  7.20a.m.. 

Friday,  Nov.  16,  4.40  a.  m  

Hrs.    in  in 
214        43 

Total   plant... 

Friday,  Nov 

10,  8  a.  m.     

Wednesday ,  Dee.  12,  5.40  p.  m 

10 

Total  crop 

Wednesday, 

Oct.  31,  7.20  a.  in 

Wednesday,  Dec.  12,  5.  40  p.  no. 

596        55 

Total  Total 

stubble.  plant. 


Tons  ground,  no  allowance  for  trash 

Average  tons  ground  per  hour,  actual  miming  time. 

Percent  juice  extracted  on  weight  of  cane 

Weight  of  <ane  ground pounds.. 

Juice  extracted  (maceration  juices  being  reduced  to 
normal) gallons . . 

Do pounds. 

Sirup  produced   gallons. . 

Do pounds. . 

First  Bngar  produced  pounds  net .. 

Second  Bugar  produced do... 

Third sagar  produced  do... 

Total  sugar  produced de     . 

Mo]  issea  produced  gallons.. 

Do (at  11.55  pounds  per  gallon)  pounds. . 

ar,  per  ton  cane pounds 

ond  Bagar,  per  ton  cane do 

tge  third  sugar,  per  ton  cane do  . . 

Average  total  sugar,  per  too  cane do  .. 

-   pei  ton  i  ane     gallons. 

DO 1  .oil  lids 

tge  commercial  maasecuite,  p<  r  ton  cane   do 
ige  total  sugar,  per  gallon, normal  |nioe.  do  .. 

per  1,00(1  pounds   MlgSJ        _  i  Ions.. 

Percent  firs!  Bngar  on  cane  

P(  i  i  .nt  leeond  Bngar  on  cane  

Per  cent  third  sugar  on  cane  

P<  i  •  'lit  total  ragai  MUM    

I  111- 

Pei  cent  commercial  maasecuite  on  cane 

t  total  sugai  produced  as  — 
prodni  t    

Second  produol  

Third  p  rod  net 


2,  943.  39 
13.70 

72 


5,  436.  53 
14.22 

76.17 


13 

,70      10,873,050 


481,694 

114,411 

1,183,187 

390,645 

87,188 

124,  162 
182.73 
47.04 
12.63 

42.  18 

1.17 
18.98 

2.  30 
0.63 
9.  62 
2.  1 1 

11.7:: 


931,310 
242,  780 

324.717 

1,167,  129 

172  603 

59.73 
15.  06 

33.04 
247.  71 

0.75 
10.  T-: 

i .  (■-:. 

65.  n; 

7  02 


Total 
crop. 

8,  379.  92 

14.04 
74.97 

1,413,010 
12,564,  167 

3.")7,  191 
3,  607.  9S4 
1.  151,148 

119,097 

26.  300 

303,  76,". 

137.37 

14.21 

3.14 

243. 10 
1.23 
I.').  17 
0.  87 
2.  76 
o  71 

1.81 
12.  15 

16.  72 

6.87 


INDEX 


A. 


Page. 


Albuminoids,  percentage  of 23 

Available  sugar,  formula  for 21 

C. 

Calumet  sugar  factory,  administration  of 10 

boilers  of 8 

conveniences  of 9 

description  of 7 

diffusion  battery  of 13 

mechanical  control  of 13 

mills  of 8 

organization  of 10 

physical  laboratory  of. 13 

processes  of 11 

Carbonate  of  lime,  use  of 14 

Caustic  lime,  use  of 14 

Clarification,  neutral  versus  acid 22 

per  cent,  of  sugar  recovered  in 23 

Crop  summary 24 

J. 

Juice,  clarified,  first  plant  run,  analyses  of 31 

second  plant  run,  analyses  of 34 

stubble  run,  analyses  of 27 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 37 

first  plant  run,  analyses  of 20 

second  plant  run,  analyses  of 

stubble  run,   analyses  of 

sulphured,  first  plant  run,  analyses  of 30 

second  plant  run.  analyses  of 34 

stubble  run,  analyses  of 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of '•'>' 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 

L, 

Letter  of  transmittal 

M. 

Maceration,  effect  of 1 .' 

increased  yield  by 20 

method  of  adding  frataxin 80 

water  added  in 20 

7083— Bull.  23 4  n 


42  :||   |  lllllllttllllllll 

3  1262  09216  6254 

Pace. 

Massecuite,  second  plant  rnn,  analyses  of . 34, 35 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 38 

Molasses,  analyses  of 24, 25 

first  plant  run,  analyses  of 32 

second  plant  run,  analyses  of 35 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 39 

second  stubble  run,  analyses  of 28 

P. 

Plant  run,  first 15 

maceration  in 16 

second 16 

chemical  control  of 16 

third 16 

accident  in 17 

Prefatory  note 3 

R. 

Be  miners,  B.,  supervision  of 13 

S. 

Sirup,  first  plant  run,  anlayses  of 32 

second  plant  run,  analyses  of 34 

stubble  run,  analyses  of 27 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 38 

ial  inquiries.. 17 

Stubble  run,   tirst 14 

second 15 

inversion  in 15 

Sugar,  first  plant  run,  analyses  of \V2 

second  plant  rnn,  analyses  of 35 

stubble  run,  analyses  of 27 

third  plant  run,  analyses  of 38 

Sulphur  dioxide,  cooling  of 18 

effect  of,  on  products 18 

inversion  due  to 18 

investigation  of 17 

use  of 17 

Summary,  first  plant  run 33 

for  whole  campaign 40 

second   plant  run 36 

Btubble  run 28 

third  planl   run 39 

Superphosphate  of  Lime,  use  of 14 

T. 

Thompson,  w.  J.,  report  of 7 


